绘制美国活动中心的地图（英）.docx

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1、OCTOBER2022BBrookingsMetroANNETANORoeUUHBASSCENTER11MTRANSFORMATIVEP1.ACEMAKIMOMAPPINGAMERICAjSACTIVITYCENTERS:THEBUI1.DINGB1.OCKSOFPROSPEROUS,EQUITAB1.E,ANDSUSTAINAB1.EREGIONSTracyHadden1.oh,DWRowlands,AdieTomer,JosephKane,andJenniferVeyCONTENTIntroduction3Whydoesthegeographyofactivitymatter?5Whata

2、reactivitycenters?7Ourmethodology8Keyfindingsfromouractivitycenteranalysis13Finding1:Activitycentersaremoreactive,containinganoutsizedshareofmetropolitanassets13Finding2:Activitycentersaremoreproductive,withgreaterdensityleadingtohighergrossmetropolitanproduct16Finding3:Activitycentersaremorevaluabl

3、e,withhighercommercialandresidentialrealestateassessments17Finding4:Activitycentersaremoreaccessibleandinclusivetometroarearesidents18Finding5:Activitycentershavemoresustainabletraveloutcomes,withlessdrivingandmorewalkingandbiking22Implicationsforpractice25Implication1:Nurturingaproductive,innovativ

4、eeconomicecosystem25Implication2:Supportinganaccessible,flexible,andsustainablebuiltenvironment26Implication3:Fosteringaninclusiveandequitablesocialenvironment26Implication4:Encouragingalocallyorganizedcivicinfrastructure26Conclusionandareasforfutureresearch27Acknowledgements28IntroductionAsthesayin

5、ggoes,threethingsmatterinrealestate:location,location,location.Citiesandmetropolitanareasarebuiltaroundassetssuchastransportationnodes,employmenthubs,culturalattractions,politicalandreligiousinstitutions,andhealthfacilitiesallofwhichtendtoclusterinspecificlocations.Theabilitytodeveloptheplacesthatco

6、ncentratetheseassetshasalwaysbeenakeyingredienttobuildingproductiveandthrivingmetroareas.Butafterdecadesofsuburbanization,activitydoesnotconcentrateinthesamewaysitoncedid.Metropolitanareasarenolongerstructuredalongalinearcontinuum,fanningoutwardfromadistinctdowntowntoedgelesssuburbiatoruralcountrysi

7、dedottedwithafewtowncenters.Theyinsteadcontainconstellationsofasset-richplaces,typicallysurroundedbyhousing-onlydevelopmentsoramixofresidentialandcommercialsprawl.1Thislong-standingconceptofmetropolitangeographyasalinefromasingularurbancentertosuburbstofarms-andconceivingofthesuburbsasexclusivelyres

8、identialplacesisnolongeraccurateintheageofAmericanmegaregions.Overtime,thedispersionofassetsandactivitieshasstretchedthedistancesbetweenpeopleandopportunity,oftenleadingtogreatereconomicandracialinequality.2Morerecently,theemergenceofrapidtelecommunicationsandaglobalpandemichaveledtonewuncertainties

9、aboutwhatkindsofplaceswillbeindemandinthefuture.Atatimewheneconomicandclimate-relateddisruptionsseemtocomeevermorefrequently,itiseasytolosetrackofthefactthatthebuiltenvironmentchangesquiteslowly.Assuch,industrial,cultural,andenvironmentalshiftsinthedecadestocomewillprimarilyoccurwithinexistingplaces

10、andalongsidetheinfrastructurewe,vealreadycreated.But,asinthepast,theimpactsofthoseshifts-forgoodandforill-willstillbeinfluencedbythechoiceswemaketodayregardinghowandwhereweprioritizefutureinvestments.Allthismakesitessentialthatthefieldofmetropolitandevelopmentparticularly,practitionersandappliedrese

11、archershasacontemporaryunderstandingofwhatpeopleandtheeconomyneedfromplace,howthoseneedsexpressthemselvesonthelandscape,andhow,then,thefieldshouldrespondtothem.Inotherwords,weneedtoestablishbothanewmapandanewvocabularyforAmericaneconomicgeography.Onemajorobstacleisthatthereisnoconsistentschemetocomp

12、arewhereactivityconcentrateswithinmetropolitanareasorwhatkindsofplaceswithwhattypesofattributes-canbestsupportsharedprosperityandresilience.Inthisreport,weintroduceanewmethodologytolocateandcharacterizeactivitycenters:placeswithinregionswhereeconomic,physical,social,andcivicassetsclusterataclearlyde

13、finedhyperlocalscale.3Wepresentatypologyofactivitycenters,maptheirlocationswithinthe110U.S.metropolitanstatisticalareas(MSAs)withatleast500,000residentsusingcensusblockgroups,andanalyzethosecenterstohelpplanners,realestateprofessionals,andelectedleadersbetterunderstandhowandwhytheymatter.Wefindthat:

14、 Metropolitanareasconcentrateassetsinactivitycenters.Withinthemetropolitanareasinourstudy,activitycentersoccupyjust3%ofallland,yetholdafarhighershareofassetsandtheirassociatedactivities.Forexample,40%ofallprivatesectorjobslocatewithinactivitycenters,andinstitutionalassetsincludingcollegeanduniversit

15、ystudents,hospitalbeds,andmajorintercitytransportationnodesarealmostexclusivelyfoundintheseareas. Metropolitanareasthatconcentratejobsinactivitycentersaremoreproductive.Ouranalysisrevealedaclearandpositiverelationshipbetweenactivitycenterjobdensityandproductivity,asmeasuredbygrossmetropolitanproduct(GMP)perworker.Every1,000jobspersquaremileinametroareasmedianactivitycenterwasassociatedwithanadditional$11723inoutputperworkeracrossthemetroarea. Activitycentersyieldavaluepremium.Activitycentershavefourtimesthecommercialrealestateassessedvaluerelativetodevelopedlandarea.Fortwo-thirdsofmetroa