Inventory management 库存管理 -外文翻译.docx

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1、FloydD.Hedrick,1.ibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.Editor:JeannetteBudding,CommunicationsManagerNationalAssociationofPurchasingManagementInventorymanagementAbstractInventorymanagement,orinventorycontrol,isanattempttobalanceinventoryneedsandrequirementswiththeneedtominimizecostsresultingfromobtainingan

2、dholdinginventory.Thereareseveralschoolsofthoughtthatviewinventoryanditsfunctiondifferently.Thesewillbeaddressedlater,butfirstwepresentafoundationtofacilitatethereadersunderstandingofinventoryanditsfunctionInventorymanagementisinventorymanagementinshort.Asanimportantinventoryofliquidassets,itsexiste

3、nceisboundtotakeupalotOfliquidity.Ingeneral,inventoriesofindustrialenterprisesaccountedforabout30%ofthetotalassetsofcommercialcirculationenterprisesisevenhigher,themanagementofutilizationisdirectlyrelatedtotheoccupationofthelevelofcorporatefundsandassetefficiency.Therefore,abusinesstomaintainhighpro

4、fitability,shouldbeattachedgreatimportancetoinventorymanagement.Inventorymanagementatdifferentlevels,thecompanysaverageoccupancyleveloffundingisabigdifference.Throughtheimplementationofproperinventorymanagementmethodstoreducetheleveloftheaverageamountoffundsusedtoimprovetheinventoryturnoverrateandto

5、talassets,willultimatelyimprovetheeconomicefficiencyofenterprises.Keyword：Inventory；ManagementChapter I InventoryDefinitionInventoryisaquantityorstoreofgoodsthatisheldforsomepurposeoruse(thetermmayalsobeusedasaverb,meaningtotakeinventoryortocountallgoodsheldininventory).Inventorymaybekeptin-house,11

6、meaningonthepremisesornearbyforimmediateuse;oritmaybeheldinadistantwarehouseordistributioncenterforfutureuse.Withtheexceptionoffirmsutilizingjust-in-timemethods,moreoftenthannot,theterm11inventory11impliesastoredquantityofgoodsthatexceedswhatisneededforthefirmtofunctionatthecurrenttime(e.g.,withinth

7、enextfewhours).Chapter II ThemeaningofInventoryManagement2.1maintainthelistWhywouldafirmholdmoreinventorythaniscurrentlynecessarytoensurethefirmsoperation?Thefollowingisalistofreasonsformaintainingwhatwouldappeartobeexcess11inventory.Table1JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneDemand5500100200200Produce10

8、0100100100100100Month-endinventory501002002001000Table11-6monthabusinessdemand,production,endbalancesituation2.2 MeetdemandInorderforaretailertostayinbusiness,itmusthavetheproductsthatthecustomerwantsonhandwhenthecustomerwantsthem.Ifnot,theretailerwillhavetoback-ordertheproduct.Ifthecustomercangetth

9、egoodfromsomeothersource,heorshemaychoosetodosoratherthanelectingtoallowtheoriginalretailertomeetdemandlater(throughback-order).Hence,inmanyinstances,ifagoodisnotininventory,asaleislostforever.2.3 KeepoperationsrunningAmanufacturermusthavecertainpurchaseditems(rawmaterials,components,orsubassemblies

10、)inordertomanufactureitsproduct.Runningoutofonlyoneitemcanpreventamanufacturerfromcompletingtheproductionofitsfinishedgds.Inventorybetweensuccessivedependentoperationsalsoservestodecouplethedependencyoftheoperations.Amachineorworkcenlerisoftendependentuponthepreviousoperationtoprovideitwithpartstowo

11、rkon.Ifworkceasesataworkcenter,thenallsubsequentcenterswillshutdownforlackofwork.Ifasupplyofwork-in-processinventoryiskeptbetweeneachworkcenter,theneachmachinecanmaintainitsoperationsforalimitedtime,hopefullyuntiloperationsresumetheoriginalcenter.2.4 1.eadtime1.eadtimeisthetimethatelapsesbetweenthep

12、lacingofanorder(eitherapurchaseorderoraproductionorderissuedtotheshoporIhefactoryfloor)andactuallyreceivingthegoodsordered.Ifasupplier(anexternalfirmoraninternaldepartmentorplant)cannotsupplytherequiredgoodsondemand,thentheclientfirmmustkeepaninventoryoftheneededgoods.Thelongertheleadtime,thelargert

13、hequantityofgoodsthefirmmustcarryininventory.Ajust-in-time(JIT)manufacturingfirm,suchasNissaninSmyrna,Tennessee,canmaintainextremelylowlevelsofinventory.Nissantakesdeliveryontruckseatsasmanyas18timesperday.However,steelmillsmayhavealeadtimeofuptothreemonths.Thatmeansthatafirmthatusessteelproducedatt

14、hemillmustplaceordersatleastthreemonthsinadvanceoftheirneed.Inordertokeeptheiroperationsrunninginthemeantime,anon-handinventoryofthreemonthssteelrequirementswouldbenecessary.2.5 HedgeInventorycanalsobeusedasahedgeagainstpriceincreasesandinflation.Salesmenroutinelycallpurchasingagentsshortlybeforeapr

15、iceincreasegoesintoeffect.Thisgivesthebuyerachancetopurchasematerial,inexcessofcurrentneed,atapricethatislowerthanitwouldbeifthebuyerwaileduntilafterthepriceincreaseoccurs.2.6 SmoothingrequirementsSometimesinventoryisusedtosmoothdemandrequirementsinamarketwheredemandissomewhaterratic.Considerthedema

16、ndforecastandproductionscheduleoutlinedinTablelNoticehowtheuseofinventoryhasallowedthefirmtomaintainasteadyrateofoutput(thusavoidingthecostofhiringandtrainingnewpersonnel),whilebuildingupinventoryinanticipationofanincreaseindemand.Infact,thisisoftencalledanticipationinventory.Inessence,theuseofinventoryhasallowedthefirmtomovedemandrequirementstoearlierperiods,thussmoothingthedemand.Chapter III Con