托福作文写作范文详解oweve.docx

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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingCommunalonlineencyclopediasrepresentoneofthelatestresourcestobefoundontheInternet.Theyareinmanyrespectsliketraditionalprintedencyclopediascollectionsofarticlesonvarioussubjects.Whatisspecifictotheseonlineencyclopedias,however,isthatanyInternetusercancontributeanewarticleormakeanedit

2、orialchangeinanexistingone.Asaresult,theencyclopediaisauthoredbythewholecommunityofInternetusers.Theideamightsoundattractive,butthecommunalonlineencyclopediashaveseveralimportantproblemsthatmakethemmuchlessvaluablethantraditional,printedencyclopedias.First,contributorstoacommunalonlineencyclopediaof

3、tenlackacademiccredentials,therebymakingtheircontributionspartiallyinformedatbestanddownrightinaccurateinmanycases.Traditionalencyclopediasarewrittenbytrainedexpertswhoadheretostandardsofacademicrigorthatnonspecialistscannotreallyachieve.Second,eveniftheoriginalentryintheonlineencyclopediaiscorrectt

4、hecommunalnatureoftheseonlineencyclopediasgivesunscrupuloususersandvandalsorhackerstheopportunitytofabricate,delete,andcorruptinformationintheencyclopedia.Oncechangeshavebeenmadetotheoriginaltextzanunsuspectingusercannottelltheentryhasbeentamperedwith.Noneofthisispossiblewithatraditionalencyclopedia

5、.Thirdzthecommunalencyclopediasfocustoofrequently,andintoogreatadepth,ontrivialandpopulartopics,whichcreatesafalseimpressionofwhatisimportantandwhatisnot.Achilddoingresearchforaschoolprojectmaydiscoverthatamajorhistoricaleventreceivesasmuchattentioninanonlineencyclopediaas,sayzasinglelong-runningtel

6、evisionprogram.Thetraditionalencyclopediaprovidesaconsideredviewofwhattopicstoincludeorexcludeandcontainsasenseofproportionthatonlinedemocraticcommunalencyclopediasdonot.ListeningProfessor:Thecommunalonlineencyclopediawillprobablyneverbeperfectbutthatsasmallpricetopayforwhatitdoesoffer.Thecriticisms

7、inthereadingarelargelytheresultofprejudiceagainstandignoranceabouthowfaronlineencyclopediashavecome.First,errors.Itshardlyafaircriticismthatencyclopediasonlinehaveerrors.Traditionalencyclopediashaveneverbeenclosetoperfectlyaccurate,ifyouarelookingforarealtycomprehensivereferenceworkwithoutanymistake

8、s,youarenotgoingtofindit,onoroffline.Therealpointisthatitseasyforerrorsinfactualmaterialtobecorrectedinanonlineencyclopedia.Butwiththeprintedandboundencyclopedia,theerrorsremainfordecades.Second,hacking.Onlineencyclopediashaverecognizedtheimportanceofprotectingtheirarticlesfrommalicioushackers.Onest

9、rategytheystartedusingistoputthecrucialfactsinthearticlesthatnobodydisputesinaread-onlyformat,whichisaformatthatnoonecanmakechangesto.Thatwayyouaremakingsurethatthecrucialfactsinthearticlesarereliable.Anotherstrategythatsbeingusedistohavespecialeditorswhosejobistomonitorallchangesmadetothearticlesan

10、deliminatethosechangesthatareclearlymalicious.Third,whatsworthknowingabout?Theproblemfortraditionalencyclopediasisthattheyhavelimitedspacezsotheyhavetodecidewhatsimportantandwhatsnot.Andinpractice,thejudgmentsofthegroupofacademicsthatmakethesedecisionsdontreflectthegreatrangeofintereststhatpeoplerea

11、llyhave.Butspaceisdefinitelynotanissueforonlineencyclopedias.Theacademicarticlesarestillrepresentedinonlineencyclopedias,buttherecanbeagreatvarietyofarticlesandtopicsthataccuratelyreflectthegreatdiversityofusersinterests.Thediversityofuseintopicsthatonlineencyclopediasofferisoneoftheirstrongestadvan

12、tages.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Onlineencyclopediashaveseveralimportantproblems.Subpoint1:LackofacademiccredentialsSubpoint2:Canbefabricated,deletedorcorrupted.Subpoint3:Focusonpopulartopicsandcreatefalseimpression.LectureAttitude:Thecriticismareprejudice.SubPoint1:Cancorrecterrorsinanonlinee

13、ncyclopedia.SubPoint2:Crucialfactsareread-only.Specialeditorsmonitorchanges.SubPoint3:Onlineencyclopediashasnospacelimitandvarietyofinterests.范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Thelectureraddresseseachofthethreecriticismsofcommunalonlineencyclopediasmentionedinthereadingpassage.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingp

14、assage后文用R代替）作者在开头段表述L即将在后面为在线百科全书的三点批判做出解释。此段结构：开头段实在非常简单的说出L是持解释态度，解释的内容，为论段做好了铺垫。Paragraph2Thelectureradmitsthatcommunalonlineencyclopedias,likeanyreferencebookzmaycontainerrors,butshethenclaimsthattheseerrorscanbecorrectedmuchmoreeasilyandquicklythanthoseprintedinaphysicalencyclopedia.Thereading

15、passage,incontrastpointstotheinaccuracyofinformationinonlineencyclopedias,presentingtheargumentthaterrorsintheseresourcesareduetoalackofprofessionalknowledgeamongcontributors.此段功能：以L为主，作者先陈述L承认在线百科有错误，但是相比于纸质百科书，他们更容易更正。R却说，在线百科不准确，而且贡献者很多缺乏专业知识。此段结构：此段为分分结构，作者如实重复了L,R相对的观点，就百科全书的准确性做出了各自辩证。Paragrap

16、h3Thelecturerthengivestwostrategiesthathaveprovenveryeffectiveinprotectingonlineencyclopediasfrommaliciousalteration.Sheexplainsthatcontentsconsistingofindisputablefactsarestoredandpresentedinaread-onlyformatsothatnobodycanmakechangestothem.Inaddition,shesaysztherearespecialistswhoconstantlymonitorcontentsonlinesothattheycanquicklyremovesuspiciousorinaccuratematerialonceitisdetected.此段功能：作者继续陈述关于第二点恶意修改的