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1、急性肾衰竭急性肾衰竭Acute Renal Failure(ARF)临床综合征临床综合征急性肾衰竭(ARF)概述(introduction to ARF)急性肾小管坏死(acute tubular necrosis)概述(introduction to ARF)流行病学状况(Epidemiology of ARF)定义和分层(Definition and staging of ARF)病因分类(Classification of ARF)诊断思路及方法(Differential diagnosis)预防与治疗原则(Treatment principle)概述(introduction to A
2、RF)流行病学状况(Epidemiology of ARF)定义和分层(Definition and staging of ARF)病因分类(Classification of ARF)诊断思路及方法(Differential diagnosis)预防与治疗原则(Treatment principle)急肾衰发生率上升0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002ARF占住院病人总数的百分比(1979-2002)美国全国医院出院调查常见病住院死亡患者中住院死亡患者中ARF比例比例0.0%2.0%4
3、.0%6.0%8.0%10.0%12.0%14.0%16.0%18.0%197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001急肾衰比例 1.5%(1979)15.7%(2002)概述(introduction to ARF)流行病学状况(Epidemiology of ARF)定义和分层(Definition and staging of ARF)病因分类(Classification of ARF)诊断思路及方法(Differential diagnosis)预防与治疗原则(Treatment principle)急性肾衰竭定义超出急性肾衰竭定义超
4、出30种:没有共识种:没有共识 判定指标:血清肌酐(Scr)Scr上升百分比or绝对值 具体数值界定 Scr变化的时间界定 是否伴有其他界定标准(如少尿、水肿)Acute renal injury(AKI)48小时内肾功能快速下降 或肌酐上升至少0.3mg/dL(从基础值50%)或每小时尿量小于0.5mL/Kg持续至少6hr 排除梗阻性肾病或者脱水状态分级分级肌酐标准肌酐标准尿量标准尿量标准Scr0.3mg/dL或升高到150-200%0.5 ml/kg.h6hrScr200-300%0.5 ml/kg.h12hrScr300%或4mg/dL(或RRT)0.3 ml/kg.h24hr或无尿12
5、hrCritical Care 2007,11:R31概述(introduction to ARF)流行病学状况(Epidemiology of ARF)定义和分层(Definition and staging of ARF)病因分类(Classification of ARF)诊断思路及方法(Differential diagnosis)预防与治疗原则(Treatment principle)病因分类(Classification of ARF)肾前性(Prerenal azotemia)肾脏低灌注 肾实质性(Intrinsic ARF)肾脏本身疾病 肾后性(Postrenal ARF)尿路
6、梗阻Pre-renalPost renalIntrinsic renal概述(introduction to ARF)流行病学状况(Epidemiology of ARF)定义和分层(Definition and staging of ARF)病因分类(Classification of ARF)诊断思路及方法(Differential diagnosis)预防与治疗原则(Treatment principle)ARF vs.CRFRenal FailureARF CRF病史病史 无慢性肾病史无慢性肾病史 有慢性肾病史有慢性肾病史 常无资料常无资料 B超超 肾脏增大肾脏增大 肾脏缩小肾脏缩小指
7、甲肌酐指甲肌酐 正常正常 增高增高 90%85%血色素血色素 少见贫血少见贫血 常见贫血常见贫血 参考参考Renal failureARFPrerenalIntrinsic posternalARF的鉴别诊断的鉴别诊断血容量绝对血容量绝对/相对不足、肾血管因素相对不足、肾血管因素浓缩尿浓缩尿BUN/Scr 20:1补液或利尿试验补液或利尿试验双侧尿路梗阻、双侧尿路梗阻、前列腺过度肥大前列腺过度肥大尿闭突发或间歇尿闭突发或间歇影像学证实影像学证实GlomerularTubularIntersitialVascularRenal FailureARFIntrinsicConditions asso
8、ciated with GNHypoperfution NephrotoxinsSepsisAnalgesicaSome herbRenal vessle occlusion Cholesterol Atheroemboli Differential diagnosisPre-renalCRFPost renalTubularAcute tubular necrosis,ATNAcute tubular necrosis,ATN概述(introduction to ARF)流行病学状况(Epidemiology of ARF)定义和分层(Definition and staging of AR
9、F)病因分类(Classification of ARF)诊断思路及方法(Differential diagnosis)预防与治疗原则(Treatment principle)预防与治疗原则预防与治疗原则高危人群中ARF的一级预防出现ARF后的早期发现及支持治疗病因治疗药物引起的ARF有效血容量不足引起的ATN老年人的良性前列腺肥大关注尿量变化及时检测Scr各专业医生的重视透析治疗肾前/肾性/肾后性急性肾衰竭(ARF)概述(introduction to ARF)急性肾小管坏死(acute tubular necrosis)急性肾小管坏死(ATN)病因(Etiology)发病机制(Pathog
10、enesis)病理特征(Pathology)临床表现(Clinical manifestation)诊断及鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)治疗(Treatment)预后(Prognosis)Etiology急性肾小管坏死(ATN)病因(Etiology)发病机制(Pathogenesis)病理特征(Pathology)临床表现(Clinical manifestation)诊断及鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)治疗(Treatment)预后(Prognosis)Pathogenesis of ARF-1损损 伤伤修修 复复急性肾小管坏死(ATN)
11、病因(Etiology)发病机制(Pathogenesis)病理特征(Pathology)临床表现(Clinical manifestation)诊断及鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)治疗(Treatment)预后(Prognosis)急性肾小管坏死(ATN)病因(Etiology)发病机制(Pathogenesis)病理特征(Pathology)临床表现(Clinical manifestation)诊断及鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)治疗(Treatment)预后(Prognosis)临床表现 典型表现 少尿期(oliguric phase
12、)多尿期(polyuric phase)恢复期(recovery phase)特殊ATNoliguric phase 尿量减少 少尿(oliguria)400ml/d 无尿(anuria)176.8Urea(mmoL/L)3.6-7.110.1K(mEq/L)1HCO3-1(mmoL/L)2急性肾小管坏死(ATN)病因(Etiology)发病机制(Pathogenesis)病理特征(Pathology)临床表现(Clinical manifestation)诊断及鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)治疗(Treatment)预后(Prognosis)Renal Failur
13、eARFIntrinsicATNATN DiagnosisPhase ATNType Comorbidity肾活检指征 一般无需做肾活检 ARF原因不明 少尿期超过2周 肾功能3-6周不能恢复 考虑存在其他严重肾实质疾病鉴别指标 肾前性 ARF ATNATN vs.prerenal azotemia尿比重尿比重 1.020 500 1.3 1.1补液试验补液试验 尿量增加尿量增加 无效无效 尿钠尿钠(mEq/L)40钠排泄分数钠排泄分数(%)2肾衰指数肾衰指数 1Ucr/Scr 40 21.4mmol/L Scr442mol/L 高分解代谢寻找有无短期内逆转的可能性病情不可逆转则及早透析尽量选择经济有效的肾脏替代方式Management of polyuria management of recovery phase急性肾小管坏死(ATN)病因(Etiology)发病机制(Pathogenesis)病理特征(Pathology)临床表现(Clinical manifestation)诊断及鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)治疗(Treatment)预后(Prognosis)Prognosis 相关因素相关因素Homework