2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Information.docx

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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEMatchingInformationPaSSaRe3TheConservationEthicThegoalsofconservationincludeconservinghabitat,preventingdeforestation,haltingspeciesextinction,reducingoverfishingandmitigatingclimatechange.Differentphilosophicaloutlooksguideconservationiststowardsthesegoals.A-Theprincipalvalueunder

2、lyingmanyexpressionsoftheconservationethicisthatthenaturalworldhasintrinsicandintangibleworthalongwithpracticalorutilitarianvalue-aviewcarriedforwardbypartsofthescientificconservationmovementandsomeoftheolderRomanticschoolsofecologymovement.Philosophershaveattachedintrinsicvaluetodifferentaspectsofn

3、ature,whetherthisisindividualorganisms(biocentrism)orecologicalwholessuchasspeciesorecosystems(ecoholism).B-IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica,theyear1864sawthepublicationoftwobookswhichlaidthefoundationforRomanticandUtilitarianconservationtraditionsinAmerica.TheposthumouspublicationofHenryDavidThoreausWald

4、enestablishedthegrandeurofunspoilednatureasacitadeltonourishthespiritofman.FromGeorgePerkinsMarshaverydifferentbook,ManandNaturezlatersubtitledTheEarthasModifiedbyHumanAction,cataloguedhisobservationsofmanexhaustingandalteringthelandfromwhichhissustenancederives.C-Theconsumerconservationethicissomet

5、imesexpressedbythefourRs:Rethink,Reduce,Recycle,Repair.Thissocialethicprimarilyrelatestolocalpurchasing,moralpurchasing,thesustainedandefficientuseofrenewableresources,themoderationofdestructiveuseoffiniteresources,andthepreventionofharmtocommonresourcessuchasairandwaterquality,thenaturalfunctionsof

6、alivingearth,andculturalvaluesinabuiltenvironment.D-Distincttrendsexistregardingconservationdevelopment.Whilemanycountrieseffortstopreservespeciesandtheirhabitatshavebeengovernment-led,thoseinnorthwesternEuropetendedtoariseoutofthemiddle-classandaristocraticinterestinnaturalhistory,expressedatthelev

7、eloftheindividualandthenational,regionalorlocallearnedsociety.Thus,countrieslikeBritain,theNetherlandsandGermanyhadwhatwewouldtodaytermnon-governmentalorganizations-intheshapeoftheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,NationalTrustandCountyNaturalistsTrusts(datingbackto1889,1895and1912respectively),Na

8、tuurmonumentenzProvincialConservationTrustsforeachDutchprovince,Vogelbeschermingzandsoon-alongtimebeforetherewerenationalparksandnationalnaturereserves.ThisinpartreflectstheabsenceofwildernessareasinheavilycultivatedEurope,aswellasalongstandinginterestinlaissez-fairegovernmentinsomecountries,likethe

9、UK,leavingitasnocoincidencethatJohnMuirztheScottish-bornfounderoftheNationalParkmovement(andhenceofgovernment-sponsoredconservation)didhissterlingworkintheUSA,wherehewasthedrivingforcebehindtheestablishmentofsuchnationalparksasYosemiteandYellowstone.Nowadays,officiallymorethan10percentoftheworldisle

10、gallyprotectedinsomewayortheother,and,inpractice,privatefundraisingisinsufficienttopayfortheeffectivemanagementofsomuchlandwithprotectedstatus.E-Protectedareasindevelopingcountries,whereprobablyasmanyas70-80percentofthespeciesoftheworldlive,stillenjoyverylittleeffectivemanagementandprotection.Someco

11、untries,suchasQD国IELTSADVANTAGEMatching InformationMexico,havenon-profitcivilorganizationsandlandownersdedicatedtoprotectingvastprivateproperty,suchasthecaseofHaciendaChichensMayaJungleReserveandBirdRefugeinChichenItza,Yucatan.TheAdoptARangerFoundationhascalculatedthatworldwideabout140,000rangersare

12、neededtooverseetheprotectedareasindevelopingandtransitioncountries.Thereisnodataonhowmanyrangersareemployedatthemoment,butprobablylessthanhalftheprotectedareasindevelopingandtransitioncountrieshaveanyrangersatallandthosethathavethemareatleast50%short.Thismeansthattherewouldbeaworldwiderangerdeficito

13、f105,000rangersinthedevelopingandtransitioncountries.F-AdoptARangerfearsthattherangerdeficitisthegreatestsinglelimitingfactorineffectivelyconservingnaturein75%oftheworld.Currently,noconservationorganizationorwesterncountryorinternationalorganizationaddressesthisproblem.AdoptARangerhasbeenincorporate

14、dtodrawworldwidepublicattentiontothemosturgentproblemthatconservationisfacingindevelopingandtransitioncountries:protectedareaswithoutfieldstaff.Veryspecifically,itwillcontributetosolvingtheproblembyfundraisingtofinancerangersinthefield.Itwillalsohelpgovernmentsindevelopingandtransitioncountriestoass

15、essrealisticstaffingneedsandstaffingstrategies.Others,includingSurvivalInternational,haveadvocatedinsteadforcooperationwithlocaltribalpeoples,whoarenaturalalliesoftheconservationmovementandcanprovidecost-effectiveprotection.G-Thetermsconservationandpreservationarefrequentlyconflatedoutsidetheacademi

16、c,scientific,andprofessionalkindsofliterature.TheUSNationalParkServiceoffersthefollowingexplanationoftheimportantwaysinwhichthesetwotermsrepresentverydifferentconceptionsofenvironmentalprotectionethics:Conservationandpreservationarecloselylinkedandmayindeedseemtomeanthesamething.Bothtermsinvolveadegreeofprotection,buthowthatprotectioniscarriedoutisthekeydifference.Conservationisgenerallyassociatedwiththeprotectionofnaturalresources