2024剑桥雅思讲义Short_Answer.docx

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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerPaSSaRe3TheGreatPyramidofGizaTheGreatPyramidofGiza(alsoknownasthePyramidofKhufuorthePyramidofCheops)istheoldestandlargestofthethreepyramidsintheGizapyramidcomplexborderingpresent-dayGizainGreaterCairo,Egypt.ItistheoldestoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonetor

2、emainlargelyintact.BasedonamarkinaninteriorchambernamingtheworkgangandareferencetotheFourthDynastyEgyptianpharaohKhufu,someEgyptologistsbelievethatthepyramidwasthusbuiltasatombovera10-to20-yearperiodconcludingaround2560BC,thoughtheevidenceisfarfromconclusiveonthis.Initiallystandingat146.5metres,theG

3、reatPyramidwasthetallestman-madestructureintheworldformorethan3,800yearsuntilLincolnCathedralwasfinishedin1311AD.Originally,theGreatPyramidwascoveredbylimestonecasingstonesthatformedasmoothoutersurface,andinancienttimesitmusthavelookedlikeaspectacularsingleshinywhiteblockofstone;whatisseentodayisthe

4、underlyingcorestructure.Someofthecasingstonesthatoncecoveredthestructurecanstillbeseenaroundthebase.Manyalternative,oftencontradictory,theorieshavebeenproposedregardingthepyramidsconstructiontechniques.Manydisagreeonwhethertheblocksweredragged,lifted,orevenrolledintoplace.TheGreeksbelievedthatslavel

5、abourwasused,butmoderndiscoveriesmadeatnearbyworkerscampsassociatedwithconstructionatGizasuggestthatitcouldhavebeenbuiltinsteadbytensofthousandsofskilledworkers.Vernerpositedthatthelabourwasorganizedintoahierarchy,consistingoftwogangsof100,000menzdividedintofivezaaorphyleof20,000meneach,whichmayhave

6、beenfurtherdividedaccordingtotheskillsoftheworkers.Onemysteryofthepyramidsconstructionisitsplanning.JohnRomersuggeststhattheyusedthesamemethodthathadbeenusedforearlierandlaterconstructions,layingoutpartsoftheplanonthegroundata1-to-lscale.Hewritesthatsuchaworkingdiagramwouldalsoservetogeneratethearch

7、itectureofthepyramidwithprecisionunmatchedbyanyothermeans.Healsoarguesfora14-yeartime-spanforitsconstruction.Amodernconstructionmanagementstudy,inassociationwithMarkLehnerandotherEgyptologists,estimatedthatthetotalprojectrequiredanaverageworkforceofabout14,500peopleandapeakworkforceofroughly40,000.W

8、ithouttheuseofpulleys,wheels,orirontools,theyusedcriticalpathanalysismethods,whichsuggestthattheGreatPyramidwascompletedfromstarttofinishinapproximately10years.TheoriginalentrancetotheGreatPyramidisonthenorthernside,17metresverticallyabovegroundleveland7.29metreseastofthecenterlineofthepyramid.Fromt

9、hisoriginalentrance,thereistheDescendingPassage0.96metreshighand1.04metreswide,whichgoesdownatanangleof26o31,23throughthemasonryofthepyramidandthenintothebedrockbeneathit.After105.23metres,thepassagebecomeslevelandcontinuesforanadditional8.84metrestotheLowerChamber;whichappearsnottohavebeenfinished.

10、Thereisacontinuationofthehorizontalpassageinthesouthwallofthelowerchamber;thereisalsoapitduginthefloorofthechamber.It,sQD国IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerpossiblethatthisLowerChamberwasintendedtobetheoriginalburialchamber;butPharaohKhufulaterchangedhismindandwantedittobehigherupinthepyramid.28.2metresfromt

11、heentranceisasquareholeintheroofoftheDescendingPassage.Originallyconcealedwithaslabofstone,thisisthebeginningoftheAscendingPassage.TheAscendingPassageis39.3metreslong,aswideandhighastheDescendingPassage,andslopesupatalmostpreciselythesameangletoreachtheGrandGallery.AtthestartoftheGrandGalleryontheri

12、ght-handsidethereisaholecutinthewall.ThisisthestartofaverticalshaftwhichfollowsanirregularpaththroughthemasonryofthepyramidtojointheDescendingPassage.AlsoatthestartoftheGrandGallerythereistheHorizontalPassageleadingtotheQueensChamber.Thepassageis1.1mhighformostofitslength,butnearthechamberthereisast

13、epinthefloor;afterwhichthepassageis1.73metreshigh.AttheotherendoftheGrandGalleryisthenarrowtunnelthatisusedtoaccesstheKingsChamber.Adaptedfrom:http5：en.wikipedia.orq/wiki/GreeItPyramidOfGizaWnteriorQuestions37-40ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage3foreachanswer.37. Whichbuildingwasthefirsttohaveah

14、eightexceedingthatoftheGreatPyramidofGiza?38. Wherecansomeofthelimestonewhichusedtoformtheentireexteriorsurfaceofthepyramidnowbefound?39. WherewastheevidencefoundwhichpointstotheinvolvementofalargenumberofskilledlabourersinthebuildingoftheGreatPyramid?40. WhichoftheinnerchambersoftheGreatPyramidseemstobeincomplete?