美国名人 人类学家 玛格丽特·米德.docx

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1、美国名人人类学家玛格丽特米德MargaretMeadInfluencedHowSocialScientistsUnderstoodNativeCulturesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:11repeatByJeriIynWatsonandproducedbyPaulThompson2006-9-2ANNOUNCER:WelcometoPeopleinAmericafromVOASpecialEnglish.Today,SarahLongandRichKleinfeldttellaboutoneofthemostinfluentialsocialscientist

2、softhelastcenturytheanthropologist,MargaretMead.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PeoplearoundtheworldmournedwhenMargaretMeaddiedinnineteenseventy-eight.ThepresidentoftheUnitedStatesatthetime,JimmyCarter,honoredthesocialscientistwithAmericashighestawardforcivilians.AnotherhonorcamefromavillageinNewGuinea.Thepeoplethe

3、replantedacoconuttreeinhermemory.MargaretMeadwouldhavelikedthat.Asayoungwoman,shehadstudiedtheIifeandtraditionsofthevillage.MizMeadreceivedsuchhonorsbecausesheaddedgreatlytopublicknowledgeofculturesandtraditionsindevelopingareas.Manypeopleconsiderherthemostfamoussocial-scienceresearcheroftheTwentiet

4、hCentury.Yetsomeexpertssayherresearchwasnotscientific.Theysayshedependedtoomuchonobservationandlocalstories.Theysayshedidnotspendenoughtimeoncomparativestudies.Theybelieveherfameresultedasmuchfromhercolorfulpersonalityasfromherresearch.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadwasoftentheobjectofheateddispute.Shesharedh

5、erstrongopinionsaboutsocialissues.Shedenouncedthespreadofnuclearbombs.Shespokeagainstracialinjustice.Shestronglysupportedwomensrights.Throughoutherlifesheenjoyedtakingarisk.MizMeadbeganherstudiesofculturesinanunusualwayforawomanofhertime.Shechosetoperformherresearchinthedevelopingworld.Shewenttoanis

6、landvillageinthePacificOcean.Shewentalone.Theyearwasnineteentwenty-five.Atthattime,youngAmericanwomendidnottravelfarawayfromhomebythemselves.Theydidnotaskpersonalquestionsofstrangers.Theydidnotobservebirthsanddeathsunlesstheywereinvolvedinmedicalwork.MargaretMeaddidallthosethings.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Mar

7、garetMeadwasborninDecember,nineteen-oh-onezinthecityofPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Herparentswereeducators.Fewwomenattendedcollegeinthosedays.However;MizMeadbeganherstudiesinnineteennineteenatDePauwUniversityinthemiddlewesterntownofGreencastlezIndiana.Shesoondecidedthatlivinginasmalltowndidnotimproveon

8、esmind.SoshemovedtoNewYorkCitytostudyatBarnardCollege.ThereshestudiedEnglishandpsychology.Shegraduatedinnineteentwenty-three.VOICETWO:MargaretnextdecidedtostudyanthropologyatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Shewantedtoexaminetheactivitiesandtraditionsofdifferentsocieties.Shesoughttoaddtoknowledgeofhumanc

9、ivilization.Atthesametime,shegotmarried.Herhusband,LutherCressmanzplannedtobeaclergyman.TbgetherztheybeganthelifeOfgraduatestudents.VOICEONE:MizMeadstudiedwithtwofamousanthropologists:FranzBoasandRuthBenedict.MisterBoasbelievedthattheenvironmentpeoplegrowupin-notfamilygenes-wasthecauseofmostcultural

10、differencesamongpeople.Thisbeliefalsoinfluencedhisyoungstudent.MisterBoaswasnotpleasedwhenMargaretMeadaskedtodoresearchinSamoa.Hewasconcernedforhersafety.StilI,helethergo.FranzBoastoldhertolearnaboutthewaysinwhichtheyoungwomenofSamoawereraised.VOICETWO:MargaretshusbandwenttoEuropetocontinuehisstudie

11、s.Shewent-alone-toSamoa,inthePacificOcean.SheworkedamongthepeopleofTauIsland.Thepeoplespokeadifficultlanguage.Theirlanguagehadneverbeenwritten.Luckily,shelearnedlanguageseasily.VOICEONE:MizMeadinvestigatedthelifeofSamoangirls.Shewasnotmucholderthanthegirlsshequestioned.Shesaidtheirlifewasfreeofthean

12、gerandrebellionfoundamongyoungpeopleinothersocieties.ShealsosaidSamoangirlshadsexualrelationswithanyonetheywanted.Shesaidtheirsocietydidnoturgethemtolovejustoneman.Andshesaidtheirsocietydidnotcondemnsexbeforemarriage.MargaretMeadsaidshereachedthesebeliefsafterninemonthsofobservationonSamoa.Theyhelpe

13、dmakeherbookaboutSamoaoneofthebest-sellingbooksofthetime.MizMeadwasjusttwenty-fiveyearsoldwhenthishappened.VOICETWO:Severalsocialscientistslaterdisputedherfindings.Inarecentbook,DerekFreemansaysMizMeadmadeherobservationsfromjustafewtalkswithtwofriendlyyoungwomen.Hesaystheywantedtotellinterestingstor

14、iestoaforeignvisitor.However,hesaystheirstorieswerenotnecessarilytrue.MisterFreemansaysSamoansocietyvaluedayoungwomanwhohadnothadsexualrelations.HesaysTauIslandmenrefusedtomarrywomenwhohadhadsex.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:AfterninemonthsamongtheSamoans,MizMeadreturnedtotheUnitedStates.Shemetapsychologystudentf

15、romNewZealand,ReoFortune,onthelongtriphome.HermarriagetoLutherCressmanended.ShemarriedMisterFortuneinnineteentwenty-seven.MizMeadandhersecondhusbandwenttoNewGuineatoworktogether.Itwouldbethefirstofseventripsthatshewouldmaketotheareainthenextforty-sevenyears.ThetwoobservedthepeopleofManusIsland,oneof

16、theAdmiraltyIslands,nearmainlandNewGuinea.Theythoughtthepeoplewerepleasant.Afterawhile,though,sheandherhusbandhadnomoretobaccototrade.ThenthepeopleofManusIslandstoppedgivingthemfish.VOICETWO:1.aterthetwostudiedtheMundugumorpeopleofNewGuinea.MizMeadreportedthatboththemenandwomenwereexpectedtobeaggressive.Onlyafewyearsbefore,tribemembershadgivenuphead-hunting.Traditionallytheyhadcutofftheheadsoftheirenemies.Mundugumorpa