美国名人 城市规划师、作家 简·雅各布斯.docx

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1、美国名人城市规划师、作家简雅各布斯JaneJacobsz1916-2006:HerActivismHelpedShapetheLookandFeelofCitiesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:41repeatByJillMoss2007-1-6VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutJaneJacobs.Shewasanactivistforimprovingcities.(MUSIC)VOICEONE

2、:JaneJacobswasanactivist,writer,moralthinkerandeconomist.Shebelievedcitiesshouldbedenselypopulatedandfullofdifferentkindsofpeopleandactivities.Shebelievedinthevalueofnaturalgrowthandbigopenspaces.Sheopposedthekindofcityplanningthatinvolvesbigdevelopmentandurbanrenewalprojectsthatteardownoldcommuniti

3、es.Shewasalsoacriticofpublicplanningofficialswhowereunwillingtocompromise.Jacobshelpedleadfightstosaveneighborhoodsandlocalcommunitieswithincities.Shehelpedstopmajorhighwaysfrombeingbuilt,firstinNewYorkCityandlaterinToronto,Canada.Developersandcityplannersoftencriticizedherideas.Yet,manyurbanplannin

4、gexpertsagreethatherworkhelpedshapemodernthinkingaboutcities.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneButznerwasborninScranton,Pennsylvania,innineteensixteen.Herfatherwasadoctor.Hermotherwasaformerteacherandnurse.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,JanetookanunpaidpositionattheScrantonTribunenewspaper.AyearlatersheleftScranto

5、nforNewYorkCity.Duringherfirstseveralyearsinthecitysheheldmanykindsofjobs.Onejobwastowriteaboutworkersinthecity.Shesaidtheseexperiencesgaveherabetterideaaboutwhatworkinginthecitywaslike.Asayoungwoman,Jacobshadmanyinterests,includingeconomics,law,scienceandpolitics.Herhighereducationwasbriefhowever.S

6、hestudiedforjusttwoyearsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Jacobsdidnotcompletehercollegeeducation,butshedidbecomeanexcellentwriterandeditor.WhileworkingasawriterfortheOfficeofWarInformationshemetabuildingdesignernamedRobertJacobs.Innineteenforty-four;theymarried.Theylaterhadthreechildren.Herhusbandswork

7、ledtoherinterestinthemonthlymagazine,ArchitecturalForum.Jacobsbecameatopeditorforthepublication.VOICEONE:ExpertshavedescribedJacobsasawriterwhowrotewell,butnotoften.SheisbestknownforherbookTheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities.Thebookwaspublishedinnineteensixty-one.Itisstillwidelyreadtodaybybothcityp

8、lanningprofessionalsandthegeneralpublic.ExpertssayTheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitiesisthemostinfluentialbookwrittenaboutcityplanninginthetwentiethcentury.Inthebook,Jacobscriticizedtheurbanrenewalprojectsofthenineteenfifties.Shebelievedthesepoliciesdestroyedexistinginner-citycommunitiesandtheirecon

9、omies.Shealsothoughtthatmodernplanningpoliciesseparatedcommunitiesandcreatedunnaturalcityareas.Jacobsdescribedthenatureofcities-theirstreetsandparks,thedifferentculturesrepresentedbycitizensandthesafetyofawell-plannedcity.Safetywasanimportantissueinbigcitiesthathadhighratesofcrime.Jacobswrotethatpea

10、ceonthestreetsofcitiesisnotkeptmainlybythepoliceeventhoughpolicearenecessary.Itiskeptbyasystemofcontrolsamongthepeoplethemselves.Shebelievedtheproblemofinsecuritycannotbesolvedbyspreadingpeopleoutmorethinly.Jacobsarguedthatawell-usedcitystreetissaferthananemptystreet.Safety,sheargued,isguaranteedbyp

11、eoplewhowatchthestreetseverydaybecausetheyusethestreetseveryday.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitiesbecameaguideforneighborhoodorganizersandthepeoplewhoJacobscalledfootpeople.Thesearecitizenswhoperformtheireverydayjobsonfoot.Theywalktostoresandtowork.Theywalktoeatingplaces,theaters,p

12、arks,gardensandsportsstadiums.TheyarenotwhoJacobscalledcarpeople-thosewhodrivetheircarseverywhere.JaneJacobsalsobelievedthatbuildingsofdifferentsizes,kindsandconditionshouldexisttogether.Shepointedtoseveralcommunitiesasmodelsofexcellence.TheseincludeGeorgetowninWashington,D.C.;theNorthEndinBoston,Ma

13、ssachusetts;RittenhouseSquareinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,andTelegraphHillinSanFrancisco,California.Shealsosupportedmixed-usebuildingsasawaytoincreasesocialinteraction.Suchbuildingshavestoresandofficesonthegroundfloor.Peopleliveontheupperfloors.Mixed-usebuildingsarealotmorecommoninAmericancitiesthani

14、nthesuburbanareasaroundthem.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsalsonotedNewYorkCitysGreenwichVillageasanexampleofanexcitingcitycommunity.Thisisoneofthecommunitiesthatwassaved,inpartatIeastzbecauseofherwritingsandactivism.Innineteensixty-two,JacobsheadedacommitteetostopthedevelopmentofahighwaythroughLowerManhattanin

15、NewYorkCity.TheexpresswaywouldhavecutrightthroughGreenwichVillageandthepopularSoHoarea.InfluentialNewYorkCitydeveloperRobertMosesproposedtheplan.Buthugepublicprotestsinnineteensixty-fourledthecitygovernmenttorejectit.Jacobsbook,TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitieshelpedinfluencepublicopinionagainstt

16、heexpressway.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-nine,JacobsmovedtotheCanadiancityofTorontowhereshelivedfortherestofherlife.PartofherreasonforleavingtheUnitedStateswasbecausesheopposedtheUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnam.Atthattime,shehadtwosonsalmostoldenoughtobecalledforduty.JacobscontinuedtobeacommunityactivistinToronto.ShewasinvolvedinacampaigntostoptheSpadinaExpresswaythroughToronto.This