英文原文-全球城市：纽约、伦敦、东京.docx

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1、TheGLOBALCITY:NEWYORKzLONDON,TOKYOBySaskiaSassenPage19OverviewForcenturies,theworldeconomyhasshapedthelifeofcities.Thisbookisaboutthatrelationshiptoday.Beginninginthe1960sztheorganizationofeconomicactivityenteredaperiodofpronouncedtransformation.Thechangeswereexpressedinthealteredstructureoftheworld

2、economy,andalsoassumedformsspecifictoparticularplaces.Certainofthesechangesarebynowfamiliar:thedismantlingofonce-powerfulindustrialcentersintheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,andmorerecentlyinJapan;theacceleratedindustrializationofseveralThirdWorldcountries;therapidinternationalizationofthefinancialin

3、dustryintoaworldwidenetworkoftransactions.Eachofthesechangesalteredtherelationofcitiestotheinternationaleconomy.InthedecadesafterWorldWar11,therewasaninternationalregimebasedonUnitedStatesdominanceintheworldeconomyandtherulesforglobaltradecontainedinthe1945BrettonWoodsagreement.Bytheearly1970s,theco

4、nditionssupportingthatregimeweredisintegrating.Thebreakdowncreatedavoidintowhichstepped,perhapsinalastburstofnationaldominance,thelargeU.S.transnationalindustrialfirmsandbanks.Inthisperiodoftransition,themanagementoftheinternationaleconomicorderwastoaninordinateextentrunfromtheheadquartersofthesefir

5、ms.Bytheearly1980szhowever,thelargeU.S.transnationalfirmsexperiencedsharpmarketsharelossesfromforeigncompetition.Yettheinternationaleconomydidnotsimplybreakintofragments.Thegeographyandcompositionoftheglobaleconomychangedsoastoproduceacomplexduality:aspatiallydispersed,yetgloballyintegratedorganizat

6、ionofeconomicactivity.Thepointofdepartureforthepresentstudyisthatthecombinationofspatialdispersalandglobalintergrationhascreatedanewstrategicroleformajorcities.Beyondtheirlonghistoryascentersforinternationaltradeandbanking,thesecitiesnowfunctioninfournewways:first,ashighlyconcentratedcommandpointsin

7、theorganizationoftheworldeconomy;second,askeylocationsforfinaceandforspecializedservicefirms,whichhavereplacedmanufacturingastheleadingeconomicsectors;third,assitesofproduction,includingtheproductionofinnovations,intheseleadingindustries;andfourth,asmarketsfortheproductsandinnovationsproducedandP4in

8、novationsproduced.Thesechangesinthefunctioningofcitieshavehadamassiveimpactuponbothinternationaleconomicactivityandurbanform:Citiesconcentratecontrolovervastresources,whilefinanceandspecializedserviceindustrieshaverestructuredtheurbansocialandeconomicorder.Thusanewtypeofcityhasappeared.itistheglobal

9、Cityr-LeadingexamplesnowareNewYork,London,andTokyo.Thesethreecitiesarethefocusofthisbook.AsIshallshow,thesethreecitieshaveundergonemassiveandparallelchangesintheireconomicbase,spatialorganization,andsocialstructure.Butthisparalleldevelopmentisapuzzle.Howcouldcitieswithasdiverseahistory,culture,polit

10、ics,andeconomyasNewYork,London,andTokyoexperiencesimilartransformationsconcentratedinsobriefaperiodoftime?Notexaminedatlengthinmystudy,butimportanttoitstheoreticalframework,ishowtransformationsincitiesrangingfromParistoFrankfurttoHongKongandSaoPaulohaverespondedtothesamedynamic.Tounderstandthepuzzle

11、ofparallelchangeindiversecitiesrequiresnotsimplyapoint-by-pointcomparisonofNewYork,London,andTokyo,butasituatingofthesecitiesinasetofglobalprocesses.Inordertounderstandwhymajorcitieswithdifferentcultureshaveundergoneparalleleconomicandsocialchanges,weneedtoexaminetransformationsintheworldeconomy.Yet

12、thetermglobalcitymaybereductiveandmisleadingifitsuggeststhatcitiesaremereoutcomesofaglobaleconomicmachine.Theyarespecificplaceswhosespaces,internaldynamics,andsocialstructurematter;indeed,wemaybeabletounderstandtheglobalorderonlybyanalyzingwhykeystructuresoftheworldeconomyarenecessacilysituatedincit

13、ies.Howdoesthepositionofthesecitiesintheworldeconomytodaydifferfromthatwhichtheyhavehistoricallyheldascentersofbankingandtrade?WhenMaxWeberanalyzedthemedievalcitieswoventogetherintheHanseaticLeague,heconceivedtheirtradeastheexchangeofsurplusproduction;Itwashisviewthatamedievalcitycouldwithdrawfromex

14、ternaltradeandcontinuetosupportitsetalbeitonareducedscale.ThemodernmoleculeofglobalcitiesisnothinglikethetradeamongselfsufficientplacesintheHanseaticLeague,asWeberunderstoodit.Thefirstthesisadvancedinthisbookisthattheterritorialdispersalofcurrenteconomicactivitycreatesaneedforexpandedcentralcontrola

15、ndmagement.Inotherwords,whileinprincipletheterritorialdecentralizationofeconomicactivityinrecentyearscouldhavebeenaccompaniedbyacorrespondingdecentralizationinownershipandhenceintheappropriationofprofits,therehasbeenlittlemovementinthatdirection.Thoughlargefirmshaveincreasedtheirsubcontractingtosmal

16、lerfirms,andmanynationalfirmsinthenewlyindustrializingcountrieshavegrownrapidly,thisformofgrowthisultimatelypartofachain.EvenP5industrialhomeworkersInremoteruralareasarenowpartofthatchain.Thetransnationalcorporationscontinuetocontrolmuchoftheendproductandareaptheprofitsassociatedwithsellingintheworldmarket.Theinternationalizationandexpansionofthefinancialindustryhasbroughtgrowthtoalargenumberofsmallerfinancialmarkets,agrowthwhichhasfedtheexpansionoftheglobalindustry.Buttop-leve