2023终极八篇第八篇原文+题目.docx

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1、Eversinceitsfirstantitrustlawpassedin1890,Americahasarguedoverwhattrustbustingisfor.Oneschool,namedafterLouisBrandeis,ajudge,holdsthatbigcompaniesmustbetamedbecausetheycorruptpoliticsanddamagecustomers,competitorsandstaff.Theothersaysthegoalofantitrustistoprotectthewelfareofconsumers,whichcanbeenhan

2、cedbybig,efficientfirms.Fordecadestheconsumerapproachhasbeenascendant,butnowtheconsensushasfrayedandtrustbustersareheadinginaBrandeisiandirection.Thisisamistake.Competitionpolicyneedsreforms,tocorrectpastfailingsandtoadapttothedigitaleconomy.Yetitshouldcontinuetobebasedontheprinciplethatconsumersare

3、whatcount.Ashifttowardsmorepoliticisedandexpansiveantitrustistakingplaceacrosstherichworld.Sincethe1990stheEUhastendedtoputconsumers*interestsfirst,butnowitscommissionerwantstoapplyaz,broadernotionz,ofharm.Lawmakerseverywhereareredraftingrulestoconstraintechnologyfirms,evenwhentheirproductsarepopula

4、randfree.OnJanuary20thAmerica*SSenateJudiciaryCommitteeapproved,withbipartisansupport,abillthatwouldbantechgiantsfromusingtheirplatformstofavourtheirownservices.Thenewexpansiveandstridentapproachistempting,butitdidnotworkwellinthepast.Standingupforconsumers,whoarediffuse,doesnotcomenaturallytopoliti

5、cianswhotendtoindulgevocalandconcentratedinterests,suchasincumbentfirms,lobbyistsandunions.Beforetheconsumerwelfarestandardemergedinlegaljudgmentsinthe1970sand1980s,America*strustbustingwascapricious.ThechangeishappeningbecausecompetitionpolicyhasfallenshortInAmericatheconsumerwelfarestandardisassoc

6、iatedwithrulingsthatmakeitdifficultfortrustbusterstowinincourtunlesstheycanmeetabstruselegaltestsprovingthatafirmhasraisedorwillraiseprices.Competitionauthoritieshavelostcasestheyshouldhavewon,suchaswhenSprintandT-Mobilemerged,takingthenumberofmobilenetworksdowntothree.Theauthoritiesbecamegun-shyabo

7、utbringingcases.Betweenthe1990sand2010stheaveragenumberofmergersinvestigatedperyearbytheDepartmentofJusticefellfrom180to70,despitefranticindustryconsolidation.Sleepytrustbustersmissedtheriseofbigtech.Insteadofaimingtoprotecteveryone,openingthedoortoclumsyinterventions,trustbustersshouldreformthecons

8、umerstandard.Regulatorsandgovernments,especiallyinEurope,mustberealisticabouttheirabilitytoanticipateconsumers*needsandshouldnotpursuefirmspurelybecausetheyhavegrownbigbybeinguseful.ThelargeandfluidtechecosystemsofferedbyAlphabet,Amazon,Appleandothersshowthecomplexityofthetask:theyareinaninnovativep

9、hasewithnewservicesbeingcreatedthatarehighlypopularandtheyincreasinglycompetewitheachother.Itwouldbeeasytoerodethequalityoftheirproductswithill-judgedrules.Ql:ItissuggestedinthefirsttwoparagraphsthattrustbustinginAmericaA. MainlyconcentratedonconsumerprotectionB. havefollowedtheBrandeisianapproachCJ

10、acksaconsistencyinpolicyorientatioD.IsnotfitfordigitaleconomyQ2:TheprimarygoalfortheexpansivetrustbustingisA. TolimitthegrowthofdigitalplatformsB. Tobetterprotectconsumers/interestsC. TocreatemorefreedigitalproductsD. Tobetterregulatetechgiants1operationsQ3:Consumers,rightswerelargelyoverlookedbefor

11、e1970sduetoA. Politicians,prejudiceB. 1.obbyistsfinterventionC. Bigtech,shinderanceD. FlawedwelfaresystemQ4:TrustbustersfreluctancetoinvestigationsofmergersoriginatesfromA. TheirfailuresincasesconcernedB. TheImpracticalityofthelawsconcernedC. ThesoaringpricesofproductsD. TheirsleepinessoverindustryconsolidationQ5:Accordingtothelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthattechfirmsA. DeservesomelooseenvironmentB. ShouldcompetewitheachotherC. ShouldkeepundatingtheirservicesD. Confrontdirectlywithregulators