美国名人 画家 温斯洛·霍默.docx

美国名人画家温斯洛霍默WinslowHomer,1836-1910:America'sGreatestPainterofthe19thCenturyplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-17:28repeatByMarioRitter2010-7-24Photo:APManycriticssayWinslowHomer's"TheArmyofthePotomac-ASharp-ShooteronPicketDuty"showsthecold,mechanicalnatureofwarfare.STEVEEMBER:I'mSteveEmber.BARBARAK1.EIN:AndI'mBarbaraKleinwithPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutWinslowHomer,consideredtobethegreatestAmericanartistofthenineteenthcentury.Homercreatedpicturesthatshowedtherelationshipbetweenhumansandnature.Thestrong,clearimageshedrewandpaintedmatchedthewild,developingandproudUnitedStatesofthelateeighteenhundreds.(MUSIC)STEVEEMBER:WinslowHomerwasthesecondofthreesonsofHenriettaBensonandCharlesSavageHomer.HewasborninBoston,Massachusettsineighteenthirty-sixandgrewupinCambridge.Hisfatherwasanimporteroftoolsandothergoods.Hismotherwasapainter.Winslowgothisinterestindrawingandpaintingfromhismother.Buthisfatheralsosupportedhisson'sinterest.Once,onabusinesstripto1.ondon,CharlesHomerboughtasetofdrawingexamplesforhissontocopy.YoungWinslowusedthesetodevelophisearlyskill.BARBARAK1.EIN:Winslow'solderbrotherCharleswenttoHarvardUniversityinCambridge.ThefamilyexpectedWinslowwouldgo,too.But,atthetime,Harvarddidnotteachart.SoWinslow'sfatherfoundhimajobasanassistantinthetradeofmakingandpreparingpicturesforprintedmedia.Atagenineteen,Winslowlearnedtheprocessoflithography.ThisworkwastheonlyformaltrainingthatWinsloweverreceivedinart.APWinslowHomer's"Blackboard"STEVEEMBER:Winslowdidthisworkforabouttwoyears.Thentheyoungmandecidedtobecomeanindependentillustrator,someonewhomakesdrawingsandpicturesforaliving.HeworkedinBostonforafewyears,drawingillustrationsforstoriesinseveralnewspapers.Healsodidworkforamagazinethatwasdifferentfromanyotherofthetime.Harper'sWeekly,inNewYorkCityneededgoodillustrationsandhadlotsofspaceforthem.TheyoungWinslowbegantoestablishhimselfasanartistindemand.BARBARAK1.EIN:Ineighteenfifty-nine,WinslowHomermovedtoNewYorkCitytoworkforHarper'sWeekly.Homeralsostartedtopaintseriously.HehopedtogotoEuropetostudypainting.But,somethingwouldintervenethatwouldchangethedirectionofWinslowHomer'sartisticwork.Harper'smagazinewouldsendhimtodrawpicturesofthebiggesteventinAmericanhistorysinceindependence.ItwastheCivilWarbetweentheUnionandtherebelsouthernstates.(MUSIC)STEVEEMBER:WinslowHomerwenttoWashington,D.C.,ineighteensixty-one.HedrewpicturesofthecampaignofUnionArmyGeneralGeorgeMcClellanthenextyear.Hispicturesofthewarshowedthemanywaysthatconflictsaffectpeople.Inoneillustration,heshowedUnionsoldiersonhorsesadvancingheroically.TheSouthernConfederatesoldiersareshownforcedunderthefeetofthehorseszwhilethehorsemenholdtheirswordshigh.Theillustrationiscalled"TheWarfortheUnion,1862ACavalryCharge."BARBARAK1.EIN:Inanotherfamousillustration,"TheArmyofthePotomacASharp-ShooteronPicketDuty,"Homershowedadifferentsideofwar.Asoldiersittinginatreeisholdingarifle.Heisaimingatatargetfarinthedistance.Manycriticssaythepictureshowsthecold,mechanicalnatureofwarfare,bringingdeathtotheunsuspecting.APWinslowHomer's"HomeSweetHome"WinslowHomeralsomadeafamouspaintingcalled"Home,SweetHome."Itshowstwosoldierslisteningtomusicplayedbymilitarymusicians.ThiswascommonduringtheCivilWar.Attheendoftheday,musiciansonbothsideswouldplaytoraisethespiritsofsoldiers.Oftentheywouldplaythesong"Home,SweetHome."HomerpaintedtwoUnionsoldierspreparingameal.Themusiciansareinthedistance.Thetwosoldiersappeartobestoppedinthemiddleoftheirpreparationsbythoughtsofhomeandfamily.(MUSIC:"Home,SweetHome")STEVEEMBER:CriticswidelypraisedHomer'sworkduringtheCivilWar.HisworkgainedhimmembershipinwhatisnowcalledtheNationalAcademy.Onepainting,"PrisonersfromtheFront,"waschosentorepresenttheUnitedStatesattheExpositionUniverselie.ThiseventwasheldinParis,France,ineighteensixty-six.HomerwenttoEuropeforthefirsttime.However,littleisknownabouthisstayinEurope.BARBARAK1.EIN:ThenextmajorchangeinWinslowHomer'slifewasadecisiontoworkinanewmedium.Untilnow,Homerhadusedoil-basedpaints.Colorfulsubstancesaremixedwithoil.Thesethickpaintscanbespreadinlayers,oneoveranother,toproduceinterestingeffectsoflightandcolor.Oilpaintsareusuallyputoncanvascloth.Mostpeopleconsideroilpainting"seriouspainting."Butinthesummerofeighteenseventy-three,Homerbeganusingwatercolorpaint.STEVEEMBER:Watercolorpaintiscolor,orpigment,dissolvedinwater.Thepaintisthin.Sometimesyoucanseethroughthepainttothepaperunderneath.Watercolorpaintcanbeusedtocolordrawingsorbyitself.Itisamuchfastermediumthanoilpainting.Butitisadifferentanddifficultskilltolearn.Homer'sdecisiontousewatercolormayhavebeenconnectedwithanothermajordecision.Twoyearsafterhestartedusingwatercolor,hestoppedillustratingformagazineslikeHarper's.Indoingso,heendedagoodwaytoearnaliving.Instead,hedecidedtomakealivingonlyfromsellinghispaintings.Hewascompletelyindependent.Justashesaidhealwayswantedtobe.nga.govWinslowHomer's"BreezingUp"BARBARAK1.ElN:OneofHomer'sbestpaintingsfromthisperiodiscalled"BreezingUp."Itwasshownforthefir