impact-of-world-war-ii.docx

CasualtiesandwarcrimesMHinartides:WCrldWurIICasUaIlieSUndWarCrimeSduringWorldWUrIIWorldWarIlDeathsMtarydeaths(m»ns)M>(deaths1m<*ons)Gln4tM(md9M)T><dtMo<1939populationWorldWarIIdeathsEstimatesforthetotalcasualtiesofthewarvary,becausemanydeathswentunrecorded.Mostsuggestthatsome60miHionpeoplediedinthewar,includingabout20InilIiOnSOldierSand40millioncivi1ians.Manyciviliansdiedbecauseofdisease,SiHrvalicn,massacres,bcmbinariddeliberategenocide.TheSovietUnionlostaround27mi1Iionpeopleduringthewar,including8.7millionmiIitaryand19millionciviliandeaths.ThelargestportionofmilitarydeadwereethnicRUSSianS(5,756,000),followedbyethnic1.krainiims(1,377,400)."OneofeveryfourSovietcitizenswaskilledorwoundedinthatwar.®Germanysustained5.3mi11ionmi1itarylosses,mostlyontheEasternFrontandduringthefinalbattlesinGermany.OfthetotaldeathsinWorldWarIIapproximately85percent-mostlySovietandChinese-wereontheAlliedsideand15percentontheAxisside.M<nyofthesedeathswerecausedbywarcrimesConimilledbyGCrtnanandJaPaneSeforcesinoccupiedterritories.nestimated11'*"to17-mi11ionciviliansdiedasadirectorindirectresultofNaziideologicalpolicies,includingthesystematicgenocideofaroundsixmillionJews<l11ingTheHolocauslalongwiIhaurtherfivemi11ionRoma1homosexualsaswellasSlaVSandotherethnicandminoritygroups."'Roughly7.5millionciviliansdiedinChinaunderJapaneseoccupation.','Hundredsofthousands(varyingestimates)ofethnicSerbs,alongwithgypsiesandJews,weremurderedbytheAxis-alignedCroatianUsia*inYugoslavia,'luitrelribulion-relaledkillingsOfCroulianCiVilianSjustafterthewarended.ChinesecivilianstobeburiedalivebyJapanesesoldiers.Thebest-knownJapaneseatrocitywastheXankingMaSSaCre,inwhichseveralhundredthousandChinesecivilianswererapedandmurdered.*"Between3milliontomorethan10millioncivilians,mostlyChinese,werekilledbytheJapaneseoccupationforces.*'MitsuyoshiHimetareported2.7mi11ioncasualtiesoccurredduringtheSank6Sakusen.GeneralYaSUjiOkHmUraimplementedIhepolicyinHeipeiandShaniuriR.-r'TheAxisforcesemployedlimitedbiologicalandChemiCalweapons.TheItaliansusedmuslardgusduringIheirconquestOfAbyssinia,'"WhiIetheIInPeriHlJaDanCSeIrinyusedavarietyofsuchweaponsduringtheirinvasionandOCCUDationOfChina(seeUnit731),'''''andinearlyCOnfliCISagainstlh。Soviets.la5kBoththeGeimansandJaPanCSQtestedsuchweaponsHgainSIcivi1ians5:1and,insomecases,onPrirDnerSOfWhilemanyoftheAxis's”<：iSWerebroughtIotrialinIhoworld'Sfirstinternationaltribunals,incidentsCaUSedbytheAllieSwerenot.ExamplesofsuchAl1iedactionsincludePOPUIationtransfersintheSoVietInionandJaPaneSeAmCriCaninternmcnlintheUnitedStates;theOperationKucIhHUI,'",t'xpulsicu(NGorniHns”门力World巾IrII,rappduringIhcOCCUPatiOnOfGermany：theSovietUnion,sKatynmassacre,forwhichGermtinsfacedcounter-accusationsofresponsibility.1.argenumbersoffaminedeathscanalsobepartiallyattributedtothewar,suchastheBengalfamineOf1943andtheVietnamesefamineOf1944-45.国Ilhasbeensuggestedbysomehistorians,e.g.dr*Friodrich,thatthemass-bombingofcivilianareasinenemyterritory,includingTOkYOandmostnotablytheGermancitiesofDresden,HambUrgandColognebyWesternAllies,whichresultedinthedestructionofmorethan160citiesandthedeathsofmorethan600,OOOGermanciviliansbeconsideredaswarcrimes."ConcentrationcampsandslaveworkFurtherinformation:TheHoIOCaUst,ConSeQUenCeSOfNazism,JaPaneSeWcrimes*andAHiCdWarCrimeSduringWorld艇r/DeadbodiesintheMaUthaUSen-GUSenCOnCentrationCamPafterliberation,possiblyPOIitiCalPriSOnerSorSovietPOWSTheNaziswereresponsibleforTheHolocaust,thekillingofapproximatelysixmi11ionJews(overwhelminglyAshkenazim),asWellastwomillionelhnicPOleSandfourmillionotherswhoweredeemed"un*orlhyOflife”(includingthedisabledandmentallyill,SoVietDriSOnerSQfwar,homosexuals,FreClnaSOns,Jehovah'sWitnesses,andRomani)aspartofaprogrammeofdeliberateextemination.About12mi11ion,mostofwhomwereEasie门)EurCDuHns,WereemployedintheGermanwareconomyasforcedlabourers.InadditiontoNaziCOnCenlrtIlioncamps,theSovietMUIagS(labourcamps)ledtothedeathofcitizensofoccupiedcountriessuchasPoland,1.ithuania,1.atvia,andEstonia,aswel1asGerinanPriSonerSOfw(POWs)andovenSovietcitizenswhohadbeenorwerethoughttobesupportersoftheNazis."SixtypercentofSovieiPOKS<>he(MnnanSdiedduringthewar.RiChardOVerygivesthenumberof5.7millionSovietPOWs.Ofthose,57percentdiedorwerekilled,atotalof3.6million.',Soviete-POWsandrepatriatedcivi1iansweretreatedwithgroatsuspicionasPOlenliaINazicollaborators,andsomefthemWeresenttotheGulaguponbeingcheckedbytheNKVD,*alJapaneseJriSonercWarC“mps,n<myofwhichwereusedaslabourcamps,alsohadhighdeathrates.TheInternationalMilitaryTribUnalfortheFarEaStfoundthedeathrateofWesternprisonerswas27.1percent(for.AmericanPOWs,37percent),seventimesthatofPOWsundertheGermansandItalians.;While37,583prisonersromtheUK,28,500fromtheNetherlands,Und14,473fromUnitedSlateswerereleasedHftertheSUITenderOfJapan,thenumberfortheChinesewasonly56.AccordingtohistorianZhifenJu,alleastfivemillionChineseciviliansfromnorthernChinaandManchukuowereenslavedbetween1935and19