人民大2024管理学原理（第10版）英文教师手册robbinscoulter_fom10_im_hm.docx

HISTORYMODU1.EABRIEFHISTORYOFMANAGEMENTSROOTSSincelebirthofnxlem11anagemenlIheoryintheearly1900s,nanagenen(experlshavedevelopedtheoriestohelporganizationsandtheirmanagerscoordinateandoverseeworkactivitiesaseffectivelyandefficientlyaspossible.Inpresentingthehistoryofmodernmanagement,thismoduleexplorestheevolutionofmanagementthoughtandpracticeduringthetwentiethcentury.EAR1.YMANAGEMENT3(XX)-25OOB.C.E.heEgyptianpyramidswereprojectsoftremendousscopeandmagnitude,requiringtheeffortsoftensofthousandsofpeople.HowwasitpossiblefortheseProjeCFiobeco11pleedsuccessfully?Theanswerismanagement.Regardlessof(hetitlesgivenIomanagerslh11>ugh<>ulhistory,someonehasalwayshadtoplanwhatneedstobeaccomplished,organizepeopleandmaterials,leadanddirectworkers,andimposecontrolstoensurethatgoalswereattainedasplanned.14(X)sExamplesofearlymanagementpracticescanalsobeseenbystudyingthearsenalofVenice.*>semblylines,accountingsystems,andPerSonnUIfunctionsareonlyafewoftheprocessesandactivitiesusedinbusinessin(hefifteenthCCntUrythatarccommontot<lay*sorganizationsaswell.1776AdamSmith,authoroftheclassicaleconomicsdoctrineTheWealthofNQIionsarguedbrilliantlyfortheeconomicadvantagesthathebelieveddivisionoflabor(thebreakdownofjt)bsinlonarrow,repelilivetasks)wouldbringtoorganizationsandsocieiy.1780smid1800sIheIndustrialRevolutionispossiblythemostimportantpre-twentie(h-centur),inllenceonmanagement.TheintroductionofmachinepowerscombinedwithIhedivisionoflabormadelarge,efficientfactoriespossible.Planning,organizing,leading,andconl11)llingbecamenecessaryactivities.C1.ASSICA1.APPROACHES1911ScientiicmanagementisdefinedastheuseotheSCienIiriCmethodtodeterminethe“onebestway*'forajobtobedone.FrederickW.Taylorisknownasthefc,fathcrMofscientificmanagement.Frankand1.illianGilbrethwereinspiredbyTaylor'sworkandproceededtostudyanddevelopIheirownmethodsofscientificmanagementandHenryGamrSideasonschedulingchartsbecametheIoundaiionofmodernprojectmanagement.1916-1947HenriFayoll(X)kedatorganizationalpracticesbyfocusingonwhatconstitutedgoodmanagement,anapproachknownasgeneraladministrativetheory.FayolalsofocusedonactivitiesCOmmCn(oallmanagers.Hcstated14principlesofmanagement(fundamentaloruniversaltruthsofmanagementthatcanbetaughtinschools;seeExhibitHM-1).MaxWeberisknownforhisdescriptionandanalysisofbureaucracy.BEHAVIORA1.APPROACHEarly1700s-1900sRobertOwen.HugoMunsterberg.andMaryParkerFollettwereearlyadvocatesoftheOBapproach.TheirideasSerVedas(hefoundationforemployeeselectionPn)CedUres,motivationprg1111ns,worklearns,andorganizationenvironmentHianagemenltechniques.1924-Mid-1930sIlieHawthorneStudieswerethemostimporta11co11ribuiiontothedevelopnwntoforganizationalbehavior.hisseriesofexperimentsconductedfrom1924(otheearly1930satIheWesternElectricCompanyWorksinCicero,Illinois,wereiniiallydevisedasaScienlificmanagementexperimentloassess(heimpactofchangesinvariousphysicalenvironmentvariablesonemployeeproductivity.AfterHanardprofessorEltonMayoandhisassociatesjoinedthestudyasconsultants,othereperinentswereincludedtolookatredesigningjobs,makechangesinworkdayandworkweeklength,introducerestperiods,andintroduceindividualversusgroupwageplans.Theresearchersconcludedthatsocialnormsorgroupstandardswerekeydeterminantsofindividualworkbehavior.Althoughnotwithoutcriticism(concerningprocedures,analysesoffindings,andtheconclusions),theHawthorneStudiesstimulatedinterestinhunvanbehaviorinorganizationalsettings.1930s-1950sHiehumanrelationsmovementassistedmanagersindesigningjobsthat11>livaleworkers,inworkingwithemployeeteams,andinfacilitatingtheIlowofcommunicationwithinorganizations.IncludedinthismovementwereAbrahamMaslow,bestknownforhishierarchyofneedsandDouglasMcGregor)*andhisconceptualizationOfTheOryXandTheOryYmanagers.I960s-TodayAnorganization'speoplecontinuetobeanimportantfactorofmanagementresearch.Thefieldofstudythatresearchestheactionsofpeopleaworkiscalledorganizationalbehavior(OB).Muchofwhatmanagersdotodaywhenmanagingpeople-motivating.leading,building(rust,workingwithateam,managingconflict,arisoforthhasConieou(ofOBresearch.QUANTITATIVEAPPROACH1940sThequantitativeapproachtomanagc11wntusesquantitativetechniquestoimprovedecisionmaking.Thisapproachincludesapplicationsofstatistics,optimizationmodels,informationmodels,andcomputersimulations.ThequantitativeapproachoriginatedduringWorldWarIIasmathematicalandstatisticalsolutionstomilitaryproblemsweredevelopedforwartimeuse.Asoftenhappensafterwartime,meihclsthatweredevelopedduringWorMWarIltoconductmililaryaffairswereappliedtoprivateindustrjffollowingthewar.Forinstance,agroupofmilitaryofficerstheWhizKidsusedquantitativeInCthOdS(oimprovedecisionmakingatFordMotorCompanyinthemid-1940s.1950sTotalQualitymanagementisaphilosophyof11anagenenl(halisdrivenbycontinualimprovementandresponsetocustomerneedsandexpectations.TQMwasinspiredbyasmallgroupofqualityexperts,includingW.EdwardsDeming,whowasoneofitschiefproponents.TQMrepresentsacounterpointtoearliermanagementtheoristswhob