西奥多罗斯福《新国家主义》节选.docx

PresidentTeddyRoosevelt'sNewNationalismSpeechWecomeheretodaytocommemorateoneoftheepoch-makingeventsofthelongstrugglefortherightsofma11-thelongstrugglefortheupliftofhumanity.Ourcountry-thisgreatRepublic-meansnothingunlessitmeansthetriumphofarealdemocracy,thetriumphofpopulargovernment,and,Inthelongrun,ofaneconomicsystemunderwhicheachmanshallbeguaranteedtheopportunitytoshowthebestthatthereisinhim.ThatiswhythehistoryofAmericaisnowthecentralfeatureofthehistoryofthev/orld;fortheworldhassetitsfacehopefullytowardourdemocracy;and,Omyfellowcitizens,eachoneofyoucarriesonyourshouldersnotOnrytheburdenofdoingwellforthesakeofyourcountry,buttheburdenofdoingwellandofseeingthatthisnationdoeswellforthesakeofmankind.Atmanystagesintheadvanceofhumanity,thisconflictbetweenthemenwhopossessmorethantheyhaveearnedandthemenwohaveearnedmorethantheypossessisthecentralconditionofprogress.Inourdayitappearsasthestruggleoffreementogainandholdtherightofself-governmentasagainstthespecialinterests,whotwistthemethodsoffreegovernmentintomachineryfordefeatingthepopularwill.Ateverystage,andunderallcircumstances,theessenceofthestrugglei$toequalizeopportunity,destroyprivilege,andgivetothelifeandcitizenshipofeveryindividualthehighestpossiblevaluebothtohimselfandtothecommonwealth.Practicalequalityofopportunityforallcitizens,whenweachieveit,willhavetwogreatresults.Firstzeverymanwillhaveafairchancetomakeofhimselfallthatinhimlies;toreachthehighestpointtowhichhiscapacities,unassistedbyspecialprivilegeofhisownandunhamperedbythespecialprivilegeofothers,cancarryhim,andtogetforhimselfandhisfamilysubstantiallywhathehasearned.Second,equalityofopportunitymeansthatthecommonwealthwillgetfromeverycitizenthehighestserviceofwhichheiscapable.Nomanwhocarriestheburdenofthespecialprivilegesofanothercangivetothecommonwealththatservicetowhichitisfairlyentitled.Istandforthesquaredeal.ButwhenIsaythatIamforthesquaredeal,ImeannotmerelythatIstandforfairplayunderthepresentrulesofthegame,butthatIstandforhavingthoseruleschangedsoastoworkforamoresubstantialequalityofopportunityandofrewardforequallygoodservice.WhenIsayIwantasquaredealforthepoorman,IdonotmeanthatIwantasquaredealforthemanwhoremainspoorbecausehehasnotgottheenergytoworkforhimself.Ifamanwhohashadachancewillnotmakegood,thenhehasgottoquit.Now,thismeansthatourgovernment.NationalandState,mustbefreedfromthesinisterinfluenceorcontrolofspecialinterests.ExacttyasthespecialinterestsofcottonandslaverythreatenedourpoliticalIntegritybeforetheCivilWacsonowthegreatspecialbusinessintereststoooftencontrolandcorruptthemenandmethodsofgovernmentfortheirownprofit.Wemustdrivethespecialinterestsoutofpolitics.Thetruefriendofproperty,thetrueconservative,ishewhoinsiststhatpropertyshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthecommonwealth；whoinsiststhattheueatureofman'smakingshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthemanwhomadeit.ThecitizensoftheUnitedStatesmusteffectivelycontrolthemightycommercialforceswhichtheyhavecalledintobeing.Therecanbenoeffectiventrolofcorporationswhiletheirpoliticalactivityremains.Tbputanendtoitwillbeneitherashortnoraneasytask,butitcanbedone.Wemusthavecompleteandeffectivepublicityofcorporateaffairs,sothatthepeoplemayknowbeyondperadventurewhetherthecorporationsobeythelawandwhethertheirmanagemententitlesthemtotheconfidenceofthepublic.Itisnecessarythatlawsshouldbepassedtoprohibittheuseofcorporatefundsdirectlyorindirectlyforpoliticalpurposes；itisstillmorenecessarythatsuchlawsshouldbethoroughlyenforced.Corporateexpendituresforpoliticalpurposes,andespeciallysuchexpendituresbypublic-servicecorporations,havesuppliedoneoftheprincipalsourcesofcorruptioninourpoliticalaffairs.Ithasbecomeentirelyclearthatwemusthavegovernmentsupervisionofthecapitalization,notonlyofpublic-servicecorporations,including,particularly,railways,butofallcorporationsdoinganinterstatebusiness.IdonotwishtoseethenationforcedintotheownershipoftherailwaysIfitcanpossiblybeavoided,andtheonlyalternativeisthoroughgoingandeffectivelegislation,whichshallbebasedonafullknowledgeofallthefactszincludingaphysicalvaluationofproperty.Thisphysicalvaluationsnotneeded,or,atleast,isveryrarelyneeded,forfixingrates；butitIsneededasthebasisofhonestcapitalization.Wehavecometorecognizethatfranchisesshouldneverbegrantedexceptforalimitedtimerandneverwithoutproperprovisionforcompensationtothepublic.Itismypersonalbeliefthatthesamekindanddegreeofcontrolandsupervisionwhichshouldbeexercisedoverpublic-servicecorporationsshouldbeextendedalsotocombinationswhichcontrolnecessariesoflife,suchasmeat,Oi1.orCOa1.orwhichdealinthemonanimportantscale.Ihavenodoubtthattheordinarymanwhohascontrolofthemi$muchlikeourselves.Ihavenodoubthewouldliketodowell,butIwanttohaveenoughsupervisiontohelphimrealizethatdesiretodowell.Ibelievethattheofficers,andrespecially,thedirectors,ofcorporationsshouldbeheldpersonaltyresponsiblewhenanycorporationbreaksthelaw.Combinationsinindustryaretheresultofanimperativeeconomiclawwhichcannotberepealedbypoliticallegislation.Theeffortatprohibitingallcombinationhassubstantial