胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版).docx

胡壮修语言学教程修订版第一局SS各章节堤纲策记Chapter1Invitationsto1.inguistics1 .Wysig1.anguage?1. 1.anguageisveryessentia1.tohumanbeings.2. In1.anguagetherearemanythingsweshou1.dknow.3. Forfurtherunderstanding.weneedtostudy1.anguagescientifica1.1.y.1.2 Wbatis1.anguage91.anguageisameans以munication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvoca1.symbo1.susedforhumancommunication.1.3 Designfeaturesof1.anguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhuman1.anguagescanbecak)ddesignfeaturesMchcandistinguishhuman1.anguagefromanyanima1.systemofmmuication.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbrtfafinessreferstothefactthattheformsofIingutstfcsignsbearnonatura1.re1.ationshiptotheirmeanings.1.3.2 DuaStyDuafrtyreferstothepropertyofhavingtwoIeveisofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimary1.eve1.aremosedofe1.ementsofthesecondary1.eve1.andeachofthetwo1.eve1.shasitsownprincip1.eso1.organization1.3.3 CreativityCreativitymeansthat1.anguageisresourcefu1.becauseofitsdua1.ityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotheru1.ewhichcanbeappsedrepeated1.yWImoUtanydefinite1.imit,Thorecursivenatureof1.anguageprovjesathe<xotcabasisforIhepossibtyofcreatinge11desssentences.1.3.4 Disp1.acementDisp1.acementmeansthathuman1.anguagesenabtetheiruserstosymbo1.izeobjects,eventsandconceptswcharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.1.4 Originof1.anguage1. Thebow-v/owtheoryInprimitivetimespeop1.enitatodthosoundsoftheanima1.ca1.1.sinthewadenvironmentthey1.ivedandspeechdeve1.opedfromthat.2. Theph-phtheoryInthehard1.ifeOtourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinct*vesoundsofpains,angerandJOywhichgradua1.1.ydeve1.opediro1.anguage3. The*yo-he-ho,theoryAsPfimigepeop1.eworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhyihm1.cgruntswchgradua1.1.ydeve1.opedintochantsandtheninto1.anguage1.5 Functionsof1.anguageAsisproposedbyJacobson,1.anguagehassixfunctions:1. Reterentia1.:toconveymessageandInf(Xmati8；2. Pootic:toindu1.gein1.anguageforI1.Sownsake;3. Emotive:toexpressattitudes,fee1.ingsandemotions;4. Conative:topersuadeandinf1.uenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties:5. Phatic:toestab1.ishcommunionwithothers;6. Meta1.inua1.：todearupintentions.WoSSandmeanings.Hafcday(1994)proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsof1.anguage.Itmeansthat1.anguagehasthreemetafu11ct>ons:1. Idea1.iona1.1unction:toveyevinformation.tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer；2. Interpersona1.function:embodyinga1.1.useof1.anguagetoexpresssocia1.andpersona1.re1.ationships:3. Textua1.function：referringtothefactthat1.anguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretch01spokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakea1.ivingpassagedeferentfromarandom1.istofsentences.AccordingtoHuZhuangin.1.anguagehasat(eastsevenfunctions:1.1.1 InformativeTheintocmativefunctionmeans1.anguage喀theinstrumentofthoughtandPOOaCoftenus©ittocommunicatenewinformation.1.1.2 Interpersona1.functionTheinterpersona1.functionmeanspeop1.ecanuse1.anguagetoestab1.ishandmaintaintheirstatusnasociety.1.1.3 PerformativGThePerfOrmat1.Vefunctionof1.anguageisprimari1.ytochangethesocia1.statusofpersons,asGmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcrimina1.s,theb1.essmgofchi1.dren,thenamingofaShPata1.aunchingceremony,andtheCUrSngofene11¼es.1.1.4 EmotivefunctionTheemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfu1.usesof1.anguagebecauseitissocrucia1.mchangingtheemotiona1.statusofanaud*ecefororagainstsomeoneOrsomething.1.1.5 PhaticmmunionThephaticcommunionmeanspeop1.ea1.waysusesomesma1.1.,seeming1.ymeaning1.essexpressionssuchasGoodmommg.GodMessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainaCOm1.(Xtabjere1.ationshipbetv¼<eenpeop1.ewithoutanyfactua1.content.1.1.6 Recreatia1.functionTherecreationa1.functionmeanspeop1.euse1.anguageforthesheerIoyofusmgit,suchasababy'sbabt*ngorachanter'schanting.1.1.7 Meta1.ingua1.functionThemeta1.i11gua1.functionmeanspeop1.ecanuse1.anguagetota1.kaboutitse1.f.E.g.Icanusetheword'book'tota1.kaboutabook,and1.eana1.sousetheexpression*thewordbook-tota*aboutthesignt>ook*itse1.f1.6 Whatis1.inguistics?1.inguisticsisthescientificstudyof1.anguage.Itstudiesnotjustone1.anguageofanyoneCommundy,butthe1.anguageofahumanbeings.1.7 Mainbranchesof1.inguistics1.7.1 PhoneticsPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itinc1.udesthreemainareas:articu1.atoryphonetics,austicphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.1.7.2 PbonoiogyPhono1.ogystudiesth©ru1.esgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsy1.1.ab1.es.1.7.3 Mcxpho1.ogyMorpho1.ogySIUckJStheminima1.unitso1.meaning-morphemesandwordformationprocesses.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntaxreferstoIheru1.esgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoIormsentencesina1.anguage,orSWnpIyJhestudyo1theIormationofsentences1.7.5 SemanticsSemanticsexamineshovmeaningtsencodedma1.anguage.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmabcsistheStucJyofmeaningincontext.1.8 MacroSnguisticsMacfOfcnguisticsisthestudyof1.anguageina1.1.aspects,distinctfrommicrofcnguist>cs.WhiChdea1.tsoieywittheforma1.aspectof1.anguagesystem.1.8.1 Psycho1.inguisticsPsycho1.inguisticsinvestigatestheinte