化学与应用化学专业英语命名.ppt

Nomenclature of Chemical substance International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) The IUPAC name of an alkane with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms consists of two parts: a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain; the ending that indicates the species Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon Prefixs used in the IUPAC system to indicate one to 20 carbon atoms in a chain Nomenclature of HydrocarbonPrefix number of carbon atoms Prefix number of carbon atoms Meth 1 Undec 11 Eth 2 Dodec 12 Prop 3 Tridec 13 But 4 Tetradec 14 Pent 5 Pentadec 15 Hex 6 Hexadec 16 Hept 7 heptadec 17 Oct 8 Octadec 18 Non 9 Nonadec 19 Dec 10 Eicos 20 烷烃（烷烃（Alkanes）：）：-ane 甲烷methane, 乙烷ethane, 己烷hexane 烷烃基（烷基烷烃基（烷基alkyl） 方法：删去方法：删去-ane，加上，加上-yl； 如甲基：methyl； 乙基：ethyl； 正丁基：n-butyl ； 异丙基：iso-propyl; (n-: normol, 正；iso-：异；neo-：新) 命名原则命名原则 alphabetical order 3-ethyl-3-methyl-pentane 表示相同的基团数 3,3-dimethyl-pentane ( 2:di-, 3:tri- , 4:tetre-, 5:penta-; 6:hexa-.) 在字母序中不考虑表示数字的字. Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon 烯烃烯烃 (Alkenes)：-ene 乙烯ethene；丙稀propene；戊烯pentene. 双键的位置：2-pentene；2-methyl-2-pentene. 1,3丁二烯1,3-butadiene 烯烃基（alkylene） 乙烯基：vinyl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride 炔烃炔烃(Alkynes)：-yne 乙炔ethyne 丙炔propyne; 4-甲基-2-己炔4-methyl-2-hexyne Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon醇（醇（Alcohols）：）：-ol 乙醇ethanol, 异丙醇iso-propanol, HOCH2CH2OH: 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol); CH3CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol); HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol).醚（醚（Ethers）烷烃为母链，烷氧基为取代基(OR)， 烷氧基的命名：数字前缀加oxy, 如甲氧基：methoxy; 乙氧基ethoxy; C-C-C-O-C-C-C-Cpropoxybutane.氧两边的烷基为取代基，醚作母链： 丙基丁基醚propyl butyl ether特例： 乙醚 CH3CH2OCH2CH3: diethyl ether, ethyl ether, etherNomenclature of Derivative 胺（胺（Amines）以胺为母体amine; 乙胺ethylamine;丙胺propylamine以胺为取代基：amino-；乙胺aminoethane; 丙胺aminopropane (CH3)2CHCH2CH2NH21-amino-3-methylbutane (isopentylamine) CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2NHCH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane NH2(CH2)6NH2 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylenediamino)如有几个取代基，胺基作amino-；4-胺基苯酚4-aminophenol.苯胺：aniline；-氯-苯胺4-chloroaniline (p-chloroaniline)四甲基氢氧化铵：Tetramethylammonium hydroxide三甲基戊基碘化铵trimethylpentylammonium iodideNomenclature of Derivative 醛（醛（Aldehydes）：）：-al CH3CH2CHO: propanal; (CH3)2CHCH2CHO: 3-methylbutanal; CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO: 2-methylbutanal 苯甲醛苯甲醛benzaldehyde（俗名）俗名）不饱和醛：不饱和醛：-enalH2C=CH-CHO: propenal CHO-CH=(CH3)CCH2CH2CH=C(CH3)CHO 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal. 酮（酮（Ketones）酮作母体）酮作母体: -one 丙酮2-propanone； 4-甲基-3-己酮4-methyl-3-hexanone -甲基-环己酮2-methyl-cyclohexanone Nomenclature of Derivative 羧酸羧酸(Carboxylic acid)饱和酸：-anoic acid 甲酸methanoic acid (俗名：formic acid); 乙酸ethanoic acid (俗名：acetic acid) 3-甲基-丁酸3-methyl-butanoic acid不饱和酸： -enoic acid 丙烯酸2-propenoic acid; 3-苯基-2-丙烯酸3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid 5-羟基-己酸 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid 5-羰基-己酸5-oxo-hexanoic acid二羧酸：-dioic acid 柠檬酸2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (citric acid)酸酐（酸酐（Acid anhydrides）: oic anhydride乙酸酐ethanoic anhydride (acetic anhydride)Nomenclature of Derivative The order of precedence of serval functional groupNomenclature of Derivative Functional group Suffix if higher precedence Prefix if lower precedence -COOH -oic -CHO -al oxo- -CO- -one oxo- -OH -ol hydroxyl- -NH2 -amine amin- -SH -thiol Decreasing precedence mercapto- 3-羰基-丁醇3-hydroxy-butanone5-hydroxyhexanoic acid苯甲酸benzoic acid 酯（酯（Esters）The examples of derivation of names of estersNomenclature of Derivative Structural formula Alkyl group attached to oxygen Name of carboxylic acid Name of ester CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) C6H5COOCH(CH3) 2 isopropyl benzoic acid isopropyl benzoate (CH2COOC2H5)2 diethyl butanedioic acid diethyl butanedioate 酰卤（酰卤（Acid halides） -oyl乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride)苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene）酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamide酯（酯（Esters）The examples of derivation of names of estersNomenclature of Derivative Structural formula Alkyl group attached to oxygen Name of carboxylic acid Name of ester CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) C6H5COOCH(CH3) 2 isopropyl benzoic acid isopropyl benzoate (CH2COOC2H5)2 diethyl butanedioic acid diethyl butanedioate 酰卤（酰卤（Acid halides） -oyl乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride)苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene）酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamideUnit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsPrefixesNumber of Atomsmono- or mon-1di-2tri-3tetra- or tetr-4penta- or pent-5hexa-6hepta-7octa-8nona-9deca-10Unit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsNaming Binary Compounds of Nonmetals 氧化物： oxide (oxygen); 氮化物： nitride (nitrogen) ；五氧化二磷：diphosphoric pentoxide;氧化二氮： dinitrogen oxide五氧化二氮： dinitrogen pentoxide卤化物卤化物 氯化物: chloride (chlorine) 氟化物：fluoride (fluorine) 溴化物：bromide (bromine) 碘化物：iodide (iodine) ClO4-perchlorate ion ClO3-chlorate ionClO2-chlorite ionClO-hypochlorite ionUnit Two Inorganic ChemistryLesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsIonic compounds are composed of cations and anions.阳离子（阳离子（Names of Cations）Na+, sod