大学的英语四级语法.ppt.ppt

大学英语四级大学英语四级-语法篇语法篇时态复习时态复习 时时 态态 l时间状语从句当中的时态：l一般过去时 所有的过去l用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来l现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词-不定式不定式 l1) 形式形式l主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式一般式一般式 to do to be done完成式完成式 to have done to have been done进行式进行式 to be doing 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing la) 完成式完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与通常与主要谓语表示的动作主要谓语表示的动作(状态状态)同时同时(或几乎同时或几乎同时)发生发生, 或或是在它之后发生是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所在谓语所表示的动作表示的动作(状态状态)之前发生之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.l b) 进行式进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作如果主要谓语表示的动作(状状态态)发生时发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively. lc) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.ld) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.l2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.l3) 不带不带to 的不定式的不定式: la) 在在“动词动词+ 宾语宾语+不定式不定式”结构中结构中, 如果动如果动词是表示感觉意义的词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等等, 或是表示或是表示“致使致使”意义的意义的 have, make, let等等, 其后的不定式结构不带其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.l这类结构转换为被动语态时这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带后面的不带to 的的不定式一般还原为带不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.lb) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.lc) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.（一顿咒骂） Ive heard tell of him. （听说、听到）ld) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box? le) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.lf) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.l出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.lg) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.l4) 不定式的其他用法la) tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.lenoughto结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.lnot too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.lsoas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.lb) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.l在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 动名词动名词l具有动作性特征的名词具有动作性特征的名词l1)是名词 seeing is believingl2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语一)动名词的形式:l一般形式：I dont like you smoking. l完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.l被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点l1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数动名词做主语谓语动词为单数l2)在动名词和不定式中在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词做为介词的宾语是动名词l3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.lI would appreciate_ back this afternoon l Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对）lI regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词ladmit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法形式的常用说法lits no good; its no/li