托福作文写作范文详解urin.docx

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingLargenumbersofdinosaurfossilshavebeendiscoveredindepositsonAlaska'sNorthSlopezaregionthattodayexperiencesanextremelycoldzarcticclimate.OnehundredmillionyearsagozwhenthosedinosaurswerealiveztheenvironmentoftheNorthSlopewasalreadyinhospitable,especiallyduringthewinterwhenitexperiencedseveralmonthsoftotaldarkness.Howdidthedinosaurssurvivethewintertime?PaleontologistshaveproposedthatoneofthemostcommonNorthSlopedinosaurs,theelephant-sizededmontosaur(Edmontosaurus)zsurvivedthewinterbymigratingsouthtomorehospitableregions.Severalargumentssupportthemigrationhypothesis.Firstztheedmontosaur1sdietsupportsthemigrationhypothesis.Edmontosaursfedexclusivelyonplants.SincetherewouldhavebeennoplantsgrowingduringthecoldanddarkNorthslopewinter,itappearsthattheedmontosaurmusthaveleftforatleastpartoftheyearandmigratedtomoretemperatezonestofindfood.Secondzmanyedmontosaurskeletonshavebeenunearthedfromthesamesite.Thissuggeststhatedmontosaurslivedinherd.Manymodern-daymigratoryanimals,suchascaribouandbuffalozliveandmigrateinherdsaswell.Movinginherdshelpsanimalscoordinatetheirmigration.Thefindingthatedmonotsaurslivedinherdsfurthersupportsthemigrationhypothesis.Finally,ednonosaurswerephysicallycapableofmigratinglongdistances.Toreachmorehospitableregion,theedmontosaurhadtomigrateaboutlz600kilometerssouthward.Tomakesuchajourney,theedmontosaurneededtomoveataboutfivekilometersperhourforseveralweeks,whichiscertainlycoulddo.Theseanimalscouldrunveryfast,reachingspeedsupto45kilometersperhour.Itcouldhaveeasilyuseditslocomotivepowertomovetowarmerclimateduringtheharsharcticwinters.ListeningThehypothesesthattheEdmontosaurmigratedeverywinterisnotConvincing.FirstztheEdmontosaurdidnothavetomigratetofindfood.OnehundredmillionyearsagozthesummertemperaturesintheNorthSlopeareawerewarmerthantheyaretoday.Andremember,inarcticregionsliketheNorthSlope,thesunshines24hoursadayatthepeakofthesummer.Thewarmtemperaturesandextensivedaylightcreatedincrediblygoodgrowingconditionsforplants,somuchvegetationwasproducedduringthesummerthatwhenthevegetationdiedasthewintercame,therewasalotofnutritiousdeadvegetationaroundinthewinter.TheEdmontosaurcouldhaveeasilylivedonthedeadplantmatterduringthewinter.SecondJustbecauseofEdmontosaurlivedinherdsdoesn'tmeantheymigrated.Animalsliveinherdsformanyotherreasons.Livinginherds,forexample,providesanimalswithextraprotectionfrompredators.Havingextraprotectionisusefulevenfortheanimalsthatliveinthesameareathewholeyearround.AmodernexampleofthisistheRooseveltelk-alargeplant-eater.RooseveltelksliveintheforestsofthewesternUnitedStates.Theyliveinherdsbuttheydonotmigrate.Third,althoughadultEdmontosauruswerecapableofmigratinglongdistances,whataboutEdmontosaurusthatwerenotyetadults?JuvenileEdmontosauruswerenotphysicallycapableoftravelingthegreatdistancesrequiredtoreachwarmerterritoriesandwouldhaveslowedtheherdssomuchthattheherdsneverwouldhavemadeittoitsdestination.Theherdcouldnothaveleftthejuvenilesbehindbecausethejuvenileswouldnothavesurvivedontheirown.SothewholeherdhadtostaywheretheywereandsurvivethecoldNorthSlope.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageEdmontosaur(Edmontosaurus)zsurvivedthewinterbymigratingsouthtomorehospitableregions.1. EdmontosaursfedexclusivelyonplantswhichcannotfindinthecoldanddarkNorthslopewinter,2. Manyedmontosaurskeletonshavebeenunearthedfromthesamesite,whichsuggeststhatedmontosaurslivedinherd.3. Ednonosaurswerephysicallycapableofmigratinglongdistances.LectureEdmontosaurmigratedeverywinterisnotconvincing.1. EdmontosaurdidnothavetomigratetofindfoodbecauseofonehundredmillionyearsagothesummertemperaturesintheNorthSlopeareawerewarmerthantheyaretoday.2. Animalslivedinherdsformanyotherreasons.Forexample,providesanimalsextraprotectionfrompredators.3. Juvenileedmontosaurwerenotphysicallycapableoftravellingingreatdistancesrequiredtoreachwarmerterritoriesandwouldhaveslowedtheherdssomuchthattheherdneverwouldhavemadetoitsdestination.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Inthereadingmaterial,theauthorarguesthatEdmontosaurusmigratedtothesouthernpartinordertosurvivethecoldweatherintheNorthSlope.Thelecturer,however,reputesthatitisnotconvincingatallforthefollowingthreereasons.此段功能在文章首段，总结了阅读材料中的主要观点，即Edmontosaurus移民到南部是为了在NorthSlope的寒冷气候下生存。然而演讲者提出三点反驳意见，并为下文论证做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别指出了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph2FirstofallzthepassagepointsoutthatEdmontosaurusfedonplantsexclusivelyanditwasdifficultforthemtofindfoodincoldwinter.Yetthespeakerarguesthatwarmweatherinsummerprovidedperfectconditionforplantstogrow.SoEdmontosaurusmighthavefoundlotsofnutritiousdeadvegetationaroundduringthewinter,whichmademigrationunnecessary.此段功能本段提出第一个矛盾点,先陈述了文章的观点，即Edmontosaurus很难在寒冷的冬天找到食物。然而演讲者指出，夏天植物很好生长，冬天Edmontosaurus也可以在腐烂的蔬菜里找到很多营养，因此没有移居。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph3SecondzunearthedskeletonsfromthesamesiteindicatedthatEdmontosauruslivedinherds.Livinginherdsmademigrationmucheasy.ButthelecturergivesanexampleofRooseveltelkstoprovethatgrouplivingmighthavevarioustypesofreasons.SoEdmontosaurusmayliveinherdsinordertose