新加坡合同法（中英文对照）.docx

新加坡合同法（中英文对照）TABLEOFCONTENTS目录SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION导论SECTION 2 OFFERANDACCEPTANCE要约和承诺SECTION 3 CONSIDERATION对价SECTION 4 INTENTIONTOCREATELEGALRELATIONS设立法律关系的意旨SECTION 5 TERMSOFTHECONTRACT合同条款SECTION 6 CAPACITYTOCONTRACT缔约能力SECTION 7 PRIVITYOFCONTRACT合同的相对性SECTION 8 DISCHARGEOFCONTRACT合同之解除SECTION 9 MISTAKE误解SECTION 10 MISREPRESENTATION虚假陈述SECTION 11 DURESS,UNDUEINFLUENCE&Unconscionability胁迫、不正当影响和不合情理的行为SECTION 12 ILLEGALITYANDPUBLICPOLICY非法性与公共政策SECTION 13 JUDICIALREMED正SFORBREACHOFCONTRACT违约的司法救济部分章节示例如下：13.1 ContractlawinSingaporeislargelybasedonthecommonlawofcontractinEngland.UnlikeitsneighboursMalaysiaandBrunei,followingIndependencein1965zSingapore'sParliamentmadenoattempttocodifySingapore,slawofcontract.Accordingly,muchofthelawofcontractinSingaporeremainsintheformofjudge-maderules.Insomecircumstances,thesejudge-maderuleshavebeenmodifiedbyspecificstatutes.新加坡的合同法基本上是以英国关于合同的普通法为范式而构建的。与它的邻居马来西亚和文莱不同的是，新加坡在1965年独立之后并没有试图编篡新加坡的合同法，因此新加坡的合同法仍保持判例法规则的模式。在某些情况下，判例法的规则已经被特定的成文法所修改。SECTION2OFFERANDACCEPTANCE要约和承诺Agreement协议2.1 Acontractisessentiallyanagreementbetweentwoormoreparties,thetermsofwhichaffecttheirrespectiverightsandobligationswhichareenforceableatlaw.Whetherthepartieshavereachedagreement,orameetingofthemindszisobjectivelyascertainedfromthefacts.Theconceptsofofferandacceptanceprovideinmanyzalbeitnotallzcasesthestartingpointforanalysingwhetheragreementhasbeenreached.合同在本质上是双方或者多方之间的协议，该协议条款涉及到当事人各自的权利义务并且具有法律约束力。至于当事人之间是否达成协议，或合意(consensusadidem),应通过对事实的客观分析而确定。在大多数口旦并非所有的情况下，要约与承诺的概念是分析当事人是否达成协议的起点。Offer要约2.2 Anofferisapromise,orotherexpressionofwillingness,bythe'offeror,tobeboundoncertainspecifiedtermsupontheunqualifiedacceptanceofthesetermsbythepersontowhomtheofferismade(the'offeree,).Providedtheotherformationelements(ieconsiderationandintentiontocreatelegalrelations)arepresent,theacceptanceofanofferresultsinavalidcontract.一个要约即是要约人发出的一项允诺或其他形式的自愿意思表示，表明经受要约人无条件承诺某些确定的条款，要约人即受这些条款的约束。如合同成立的其他要素亦得满足(如对价和设立法律关系的意旨)，对要约的承诺会导致一个有效的合同。2.3 Whetheranyparticularstatementamountstoanofferdependsontheintentionwithwhichitismade.Anoffermustbemadewiththeintentiontobebound.Ontheotherhand,ifapersonismerelysolicitingoffersorrequestingforinformation,withoutanyintentiontobebound,atbestzheorshewouldbemakinganinvitationtotreat.Undertheobjectivetest,apersonmaybesaidtohavemadeanofferifhisorherstatement(orconduct)inducesareasonablepersontobelievethatthepersonmakingtheofferintendstobeboundbytheacceptanceoftheallegedoffer,evenifthatpersoninfacthadnosuchintention.一个特定的表述是否构成要约有赖于表述的意旨。要约必须具有受拘束的意旨。如果某人只是引诱他人作出要约，或者只是询问情况，而并没有受拘束的意旨，那他或她最多只是在作出要约邀请。按照客观标准，如果某人的表述(或者行为)致使一个通情达理的人相信发出要约者具有在该要约被承诺后接受拘束的意旨，则即使该人实际上没有此种意旨，他也被认为是发出了一项要约。Acceptance承诺2.5 Anofferisacceptedbytheunconditionalandunqualifiedassenttoitstermsbytheofferee.Thisassentmaybeexpressedthroughwordsorconduct,butcannotbeinferredfrommeresilencesaveinveryexceptionalcircumstances.受要约人对要约条款无条件和无保留的同意构成对要约的承诺。同意可由言语或行为来表示，但除非在极其例外的情况下，缄默不能被认为是同意。2.6 Asageneralrulezacceptancemustbecommunicatedtotheofferorzalthoughalimitedexceptionexistswheretheacceptanceissentbypostandthismethodofcommunicationiseitherexpresslyorimpliedlyauthorised.Thisexception,knownasthe'postalacceptancerule,zstipulatesthatacceptancetakesplaceatthepointwhentheletterofacceptanceisposted,whetherornotitwasinfactreceivedbytheofferor.一个总的原则是承诺应该被通知到要约人，但如果承诺是通过邮寄方式且此种方式被认为是或者明确或者默示地许可的，则构成一项例外。这个例外被称为投邮承诺规则，它规定承诺信一经付邮，无论要约人是否实际上收到，承诺均告生效。Certainty确定性2.7 Beforetheagreementmaybeenforcedasacontract,itstermsmustbesufficientlycertain.Attheleast,theessentialtermsoftheagreementshouldbespecified.Beyondthis,thecourtsmayresolveapparentvaguenessoruncertaintybyreferencetotheactsoftheparties,apreviouscourseofdealingbetweentheparties,tradepracticeortoastandardofreasonableness.Onoccasion,statutoryprovisionofcontractualdetailsmayfillthegaps.Formoreonimplicationofterms,seeParagraphs5.5to5.8below.在协议被作为合同执行以前，它的条款必须足够确定。至少，协议的关键条款应予明确规定。在此之外，法庭可以通过诉诸当事方的行为、当事方之间已有的习惯作法、贸易惯例或者合理标准来解决协议条款含糊不清或不确定的问题。某些情况下，关于合同细节的成文法规定也可以用来填补协议条款的空白。关于条款的问题，可进一步参见第5.5节和5.8节。Completeness完整性2.8 AnincompleteagreementalsocannotamounttoanenforceablecontractAgreementsmade'subjecttocontract7maybeconsideredincompleteiftheintentionoftheparties,asdeterminedfromthefacts,wasnottobelegallybounduntiltheexecutionofaformaldocumentoruntilfurtheragreementisreached.不完整的协议不能构成具有执行力的合同。如果协议规定以合同为准，且由事实可推断出的当事方的意旨表明在正式合同或者进一步的协议达成之前，当事方无意受到法律拘束，则该协议为不完整的协议。SECTION4INTENTIONTOCREATELEGALRELATIONS设立法律关系的意旨ContractualIntention合同意旨4.1 Intheabsenceofcontractualintention,anagreement,evenifsupportedbyconsideration,cannotbeenforced.Whetherthepartiestoanagreementintendedtocreatelegallybindingrelationsbetweenthemisaquestiondeterminedbyanobjectiveassessmentoftherelevantfacts.如缺乏合同意旨，一个协议即使有对价支持，也不能被执行。协议的各当事方是否意图在彼此之间建立有法律约束力的关系应该通过对相关事实的客观评估而确定。CommercialArrangements商业安排4.2 Inthecaseofagreementsinacommercialcontext,thecourtswillgenerallypresumethattheparti