大学英语四级写作.ppt
大学英语四级写作：大学英语四级写作：应对策略与语言组织应对策略与语言组织技巧技巧一、文字通顺连贯一、文字通顺连贯 v*All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.vBecause all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.v复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。 v总结关系过渡词语总结关系过渡词语 vgenerally speaking, generally, in general, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 比较对比关系过渡词语比较对比关系过渡词语 in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise , but, however, yet, nevertheless, whereas, rather than v列举关系过渡词语列举关系过渡词语vfor example, for instance, as an example, first, second, third, finally, also, moreover, for one thing, for another, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （to that）, v因果关系过渡词语因果关系过渡词语vbecause （of）, as, since, for, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （from）, consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence v让步关系过渡词语让步关系过渡词语valthough, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that(即使;假定 ) v强调关系过渡词语强调关系过渡词语 vanyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubtv递进关系递进关系vin addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, whats more v时间顺序时间顺序 vafterwards, at last, at length(最后最后,终于终于 ), immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter(之后之后,以后以后 ), while 方位序列方位序列 in front of, beside, beyond, above,below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right 方式手段方式手段 as, as if, as though, the way，by目的关系目的关系 that, so that, lest(以免，免得以免，免得), in case, for fear that, in order that二、书写工整，避免严重语言错误。二、书写工整，避免严重语言错误。 v(一一).语法错误语法错误v1.时态错误时态错误 ：在描述过去发生的事情时要用过去时，如果是一般事实应该用现在时。v2.一致性：尤其是主谓搭配一致性：尤其是主谓搭配v 集合名词作主语，如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间，距离，价格等的复数名词或短语，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调具体数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等时，谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。 v v代词指代的一致代词指代的一致 veg. *Were going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe well overcome it. vWere going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe well overcome them.v3.人称转换错误人称转换错误 v一篇文章里面不能出现太多的人称。最保险的人称代词是 “we”，因为 “we”可以指“你，我，她/他”任何人。而且如果用 “we”，那么最好通篇文章都用，即使要有所变化，也最多再用一个 “I”或 “they”就行了 .v4.比较级使用错误比较级使用错误vmore better than, many than,etc.v5.介词用法错误介词用法错误v6.大小写错误大小写错误v(二)、拼写错误v要解决这个问题，大家需要背单词时不仅能“识别”，而且能“使用”，需要多背多写。 三、词语的使用三、词语的使用v1.选词多用近义词选词多用近义词 vfinish ，accomplish，complete，vBuy, purchase, car, vehicle v2.区分具体与抽象的词区分具体与抽象的词 v抽象：goodv具体：kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, v friendly v抽象词抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。 四、句式变换四、句式变换v学会使用多种句式，可以在很大程度上提高语言质量。v1.主语和主语从句主语和主语从句vListening to some light music will help you calm down .vTo help others is to help yourself in a sense. vWhether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.v先行代词it作形式主语 vIt is believed that 据信 vIt is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 It is well-known that 众所周知 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It cannot be denied that 不可否认 It must be pointed out that 需指出的是 v2.宾语从句宾语从句 vWe cannot understand why they are so cruel to their beloved parents.v写作中常用的跟宾语从句的谓语动词以主语是写作中常用的跟宾语从句的谓语动词以主语是We举例如下：举例如下：vWe assume that 我们设想、假设We suggest that 我们认为、建议We hold/maintain/ that 我们认为 We stress that 我们强调 We admit that 我们承认 We hope that 我们希望 We discover that 我们发现 We recommend that 我们推荐、建议 We mention that 我们提到 v3.表语从句表语从句vThat is how we beat them in the contest.vThis is where she lived when she was young.v4.倒装句式倒装句式（1）部分倒装的情况：）部分倒装的情况：v虚拟语气条件虚拟语气条件句vWere it not for your help, we couldnt have arrived there.vso/such.that用于句首时，后面要倒装vSo little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam.vas, though, no matter how （what）, however引导让步状语时，从句需倒装vHowever cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake.v用于so, neither, nor后面 vHe didnt go to the concert, neither did his family .v表示否定意义的词放在句首时后面主谓要倒装 vUnder no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons.vOnly + adverb（副词）, prepositional phrase（介词短语）, adverbial clause（状语从句）置于句首时，后面的主谓需要倒装。vOnly in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.v(2)全部倒装全部倒装 v用在作为地点状语的介词短语后面vOn the bed lay the dying patient.v当用作表语的形容词或分词置于句首时vGreat and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland.vhere/there/now/then/hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时vHere comes the bus.v5.排比平行结构排比平行结构v排比平行结构是句子连贯的表现形式与标排比平行结构是句子连贯的表现形式与标志之一，可以用来陈述一系列事实，也可志之一，可以用来陈述一系列事实，也可并列相同的语言成分。名词、冠词、形容并列相同的语言成分。名词、冠词、形容词、副词、语法结构相同的词组，分词短词、副词、语法结构相同的词组，分词短语、主句或分句都可以平行排比。语、主句或分句都可以平行排比。 vThat
