英语写作课件.pptx
Chapter one Writing a ParagraphContentsIntroductionOrganization of a paragraphQualities of a good paragraph3123Conclusion Definition nA paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. nA paragraph is a group of orderly sentences that develop one central idea completely. nParagraph is the basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develop one main idea. IntroductionStructural parts of a paragraphna topic sentencensupporting sentencesna concluding sentence Topic SentencenDefinition and Functionn Position nWriting a Good Topic SentenceDefinition and FunctionnA topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph. It not only names the topic (who, what) of the paragraph, but also limits the topic to one or two areas that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph. The specific area is called the controlling idea. Definition and FunctionnThe controlling idea is usually indicated by a single word or a phrase in the topic sentence. A controlling idea helps a writer by reminding him or her at all times to keep to the central idea as he or she writes a paragraph. e.g.nPoint out the topic and the controlling idea of the following topic sentencesnExamplesnThere are four seasons in a year.nIndustrialization has brought us many benefits as well as environmental tragedies.nThe students in the class come from many different parts of the world.E.g. There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system医保制度医保制度. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable/ an affordable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at universities. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.Position of a Topic Sentencena) At the beginning of a paragraphnb) At the end of a paragraphnc) In the middle of a paragraphnd) At both the beginning and the end of a paragraphne) Sometimes it can be impliedThe implied topic sentencen Of those who drop out of college, some leave for financial reasons, and this is often tragic because these people in many cases do well in college before they have to leave. Some leave because of poor health. A few are drafted. Many leave for personal reasonsmarriage, family mix-ups or just the realization that college is not the place for them.ExerciseUnderline the topic sentences, or add one to the paragraph (if a topic sentence does not appear but is implied.) n1. Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually. Still, the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for others. It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way of showing respect.n4. People who live in cities today think meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane(玻璃纸)from the supermarket, potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags, and feathers grow in hats. The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that meat is hunted down in the forest, potatoes are planted and weeded, and only birds can produce feathers. Yet, whether people today realize it or nor, they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.Writing a Good Topic SentencenUsing direct statements.nAvoiding using too general controlling ideasLook at the following examples, which one is better as a topic sentence.Avoiding Using Too General Controlling Ideasn(1) a. Modern technology is good and helpful to us. n b. Modern technology has improved the quality of our lives immeasurably.Avoiding Using Too General Controlling Ideasn(2) a. My brother enjoys water sports. b. Among the water sports that my brother enjoys are snorkeling (潜水), scuba diving（呼吸器跳水）, and water-skiing.Supporting SentencesnSupporting sentences are used to further explain the controlling ideas of the essay. They develop the topic sentence by giving definitions, illustrations, reasons, examples, facts, statistics, , quotations, etc. (Examples)nNo one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句（推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句（推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our weaknesses.Concluding SentencenThe concluding sentence, the ending of a paragraph, should not be too long. The author should not add some new materials. Otherwise, the reader will feel that the essay has no ending. Three ways are general
