病理学含口腔病理学名师编辑PPT课件.ppt
病理學(含口腔病理學)Genetics(2)基因學基因學(2)Understanding:1.Chromosomes2.Mitosis3.Meiosis4.DNA,RNA,protein(transcription,translation)學 習 目 標1.Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist.Olga AC Ibsen,Joan Anderson Phelan,4th edition,2004,p.216-45 2.陳嘉芬陳嘉芬 現代遺傳學現代遺傳學 Chapter 2-6,p.25-923.http:/ccms.nut.edu.tw/juang/JRH/Amino.htm4.www-rohan.sdsu.edu/sepa/genetics.htm5.http:/ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/books/2_dominant.html6.http:/library.thinkquest.org/06aug/00440/superbibliography.html7.Tarjan I,et al.Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia:A clinical report.J Prosthet Dent 2005;93:419-248.www.genetic-programming.org 9.What you need to know about cancer.Sci Am 1996;289:28-11910.Gibbs WW.Untangling the roots of cancer.Sci Am 2003;289:56-6511.Bowden JR,et al.DNA microarray technology:insights for oral and maxillofacial surgeons.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;42:542-512.Kuo WP,et al.Microarrays and clinical dentistry.JADA;2003;134-456-6213.Ralf D.The first discovery of DNA.Sci Am 2003;96:320-814.www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossL.html15.juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/A 18.http:/ for genetics(1)and(2):參考資料GeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,4 All living cells contain information which tells them how to develop.This information is contained in chromosomes,inside the cell nucleus,encoded in genes.GeneticsChromosomesWhat is a chromosome?Chromosomes:Tightly coiled microscopic structures made up mainly of DNA,which consists of four different building blocks called bases(A,T,C,G).The four bases are repeated millions of times to form each chromosomeRefs.1,4 A chromosome is,minimally,a very long,continuous piece of DNA,which contains many genes,regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences.In the chromosomes of eukaryotes,the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi-ordered structure inside the nucleus,where it wraps around histones(structural proteins),and where this composite material is called chromatinGeneticsChromosomesHuman chromosomes range in length from 50 million to 263 million bases.With few exceptions(e.g.,red blood cells),each of the trillions of cells in the human body contains a complete set of chromosomes-the genome.If all the bases in the human genome were spread out 1 millimeter apart,they would extend from Memphis(孟斐斯孟斐斯-美國田納西州美國田納西州)to Los Angeles(洛杉磯洛杉磯-美國加州美國加州)Refs.1,4 http:/ mitosis(nuclear division),the chromosomes are condensed and called metaphasic chromosomes.This is the only natural context in which DNA is visible with an optical microscope GeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,17Prokaryotes do not possess histones or nuclei.In its relaxed state,the DNA can be accessed for transcription,regulation,and replication Chromosomes were first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Ngeli in 1842 and their behavior later described in detail by Walther Flemming in 1882.In 1910,Thomas Hunt Morgan proved chromosomes to be the carriers of genes GeneticsChromosomes Different stages of DNA condensation(1)Single DNA strand(2)Chromatin strand(DNA with histones)(3)Condensed chromatin during interphase with centromere(4)Condensed chromatin during prophase(5)Chromosome during metaphase Refs.1,17GeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,17,181.Chromatid.One of the two identical parts of the chromosome 2.Centromere.The point where the two chromatids touch,and where the microtubules attach 3.Short arm 4.Long armGeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,4 The complete set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism is its karyotypeThe karyotype of the human female contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes:22 pairs of autosomes(any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome)1 pair of X chromosomes The karyotype of the human male contains:the same 22 pairs of autosomes one X chromosome one Y chromosome GeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,16 GeneticsChromosomesHomo sapiens(human)46 Mus musculus(house mouse)40Zea mays(corn or maize)20Drosophila melanogaster(fruit fly)8Xenopus laevis(South African clawed frog)36Caenorhabditis elegans(microscopic roundworm)12Equisetum arvense(field horsetail,a plant)216Saccharomyces cerevisiae(budding yeast)32Canis familiaris(domestic dog)78Arabidopsis thaliana(plant in the mustard family)10Myrmecia pilosula(an ant)2Parascaris equorum var.univalens(parasitic roundworm)2Cambarus clarkii(a crayfish)200The chromosomes in other living organisms differRefs.1,4 GeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,17 Species No.of chromosomesSpecies No.of chromosomesFruit fly8Human46Rye(黑麥黑麥)14Ape48Guinea Pig16Sheep54Dove(鳩鳩)16Horse64Ediblesnail(蝸牛蝸牛)24Chicken78Earthworm(蚯蚓蚯蚓)32Carp(鯉魚鯉魚)104Pig40Butterflies380Wheat(小麥小麥)42Fern(羊齒植物羊齒植物)1200Chromosomes in different speciesGeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,4 Gene-expression profiling is screening large numbers of genes to see whether or not they are active under various conditions.When a gene is expressed,it makes a transcript(抄本抄本)GeneticsChromosomesRefs.1,17 Chromosomal aberrations(1)The malfunction of either the chromosomal segregation or the crossover can lead to severe diseases.They can be divided into two classes:C
