2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Headings_Questions_Strategy_Practice.docx

IELTSadvantageMatChingHeadingsQuestionsStrategyPracticeEsperanto:morethanjustalanguageAEsperantoisthemostwidelyspokenconstructedlanguageintheworld.Aconstructedlanguage(sometimescalledaconlang)isalanguagewhosephonology,grammar,andvocabulary,insteadofhavingdevelopednaturally,areconsciouslydevised.EsperantowascreatedbyPolishophthalmologistL.L.Zamenhofin1887,andthatwastheyearthathepublishedabookdetailingthelanguage,UnuaLibro("FirstBook"),underthepseudonym"Dr.Esperanto".ThewordesperantotranslatesintoEnglishas"onewhohopes".BZamenhofsgoalwastocreateaneasyandflexiblelanguagethatwouldserveasauniversalsecondlanguagetofosterworldpeaceandinternationalunderstanding,andtobuildacommunityofspeakers,ashebelievedthatonecouldnothavealanguagewithoutsuchacommunity.CHisoriginaltitleforthelanguagewassimply"theinternationallanguage"(Iingvointernacia),butearlyspeakersgrewfondofthenameEsperantoandbegantouseitasthenameforthelanguagejusttwoyearsafteritscreation;thenamequicklygainedprominenceandhasbeenusedasanofficialnameeversince.DIn1905,ZamenhofpublishedFundamentodeEsperantoasadefinitiveguidetothelanguage.Laterthatyear,heorganizedthefirstWorldEsperantoCongress,anongoingannualconference,inBoulogne-sur-Mer,France.ThefirstcongressratifiedtheDeclarationofBoulogne,whichestablishedseveralfoundationalpremisesfortheEsperantomovement;oneofitspronouncementsisthatFundamentodeEsperantoistheonlyobligatoryauthorityoverthelanguage;anotheristhattheEsperantomovementisexclusivelyalinguisticmovementandthatnofurthermeaningcaneverbeascribedtoit.ZamenhofalsoproposedtothefirstcongressthatanindependentbodyoflinguisticscholarsshouldstewardthefutureevolutionofEsperanto,foreshadowingthefoundingoftheAkademiodeEsperanto(inpartmodeledaftertheAcademiefranaise),whichwasestablishedsoonthereafter.Since1905,thecongresshasbeenheldinadifferentcountryeveryyear,withtheexceptionsofthoseyearsduringtheWorldWars.In1908,agroupofyoungEsperantospeakersledbytheSwissHectorHodlerestablishedtheUniversalEsperantoAssociationinordertoprovideacentralorganizationfortheglobalEsperantocommunity.EThedevelopmentofEsperantohascontinuedunabatedintothe21stcentury.TheadventoftheInternethashadasignificantimpactonthelanguage,aslearningithasbecomeincreasinglyaccessibleonplatformssuchasDuolingo,andasspeakershaveincreasinglynetworkedonplatformssuchasAmikumu.WithapproximatelytwoIELTSadvantageMatChingHeadingsQuestionsStrategyPracticemillionspeakers,asmallportionofwhomareevennativespeakers,itisthemostwidelyspokenconstructedlanguageintheworld.AlthoughnocountryhasadoptedEsperantoofficially,Esperantujoisthenamegiventothecollectionofplaceswhereitisspoken,andthelanguageiswidelyemployedinworldtravel,correspondence,culturalexchange,conventions,literature,languageinstruction,television,andradio.FEsperantoismostusefulforneutralcommunication.ThismeansthatEsperantodoesnotfavouracertainpeopleorculture,andpromotesanatmosphereofequalrights,toleranceandtrueinternationalism.ThiscanbeseeninEsperantoconferences,books,magazines,music,theInternet,andeveninprivateandfamilylife.GYoungpeopleespeciallycanhaveverymeaningfulexperiencesusingEsperanto:bystayingasaguestinprivatehomesabroadandmakingdirectcontactwiththeircultures,havingfunatinternationalfestivals,gainingknowledgeandskillsatseminars,comingintocontactwithseveralforeignlanguagesandlearningmoreaboutthem,andeventuallyactivelyworkingwithTEJO(theWorldEsperantoYouthOrganisation)andgainingvaluableexperience.HWiththePasportaServo,aspecialEsperantosocialnetworkingservice,apersoncanstaywithlocalsallaroundtheworld(over1350homesin89countries)whohostotherEsperantospeakersforfree.Thehostsgetthepleasureofmeetingpeoplefromaroundtheworld,andtravellersgetfreelodging.IThereisanEsperantoeventhappeningsomewherearoundtheworldeverydayoftheyearandtheyaremorethanjustpeoplespeakingEsperanto.Duringtheday,avisitorcanfindeverythingfrominterestinglecturestomassageclasses,andthenightcomesalivewithdrinkinganddancing.TheUniversalaKongresodrawsanywherefrom2000-3000people.Thelargestannualyouthgatheringsareforanyoneunder30andareattendedby200-400participants.Whetheroneislookingtogettoknowpeoplefromaroundtheworldorisinterestedinaninternationalromance,theseconferencesareagreatplacetomeetothers.JPeoplecanalsouseEsperantorightfromthecomfortoftheirhomecomputertoenrichthewaytheyexperiencetheInternet.Theycanuseforums,discussionlistsandchatroomstohearthelocalpointofviewandreadaboutthedeepthoughtsandeverydayexperiencesofpeoplelivinginexoticcountriesintheirblogs.DownloadingMP3filesisadifferentexperienceinEsperantoduetothevastnumberofculturescreatingEsperantomusic.IELTSadvantageMatChingHeadingsQuestionsStrategyPracticeKEsperantoisalsoanexcellentwaytointroducechildrentoforeignlanguages.SinceEsperantocomesfrommanylanguages,therulesaresimpleandfew,conjugationisalmostnon-existent,andtherearenoexceptionstobememorized,itcanserveasastartingpointforyoungstudentstopursueotherforeignlanguages.AfterhavingmasteredEsperanto,learningFrench,Spanish,Italian,orcountlessotherlanguagesbecomesmuchle