2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_3.docx

PaSSage1ClassesofTreesintheUSAThetimberoftheUnitedStatesisfurnishedbythreewell-definedclassesoftrees:(1)theneedle-leaved,naked-seededconifers,suchaspinezcedarzetc.,(2)thebroad-leavedtreessuchasoak,POPIai;etc.,and(3)toaninferiorextentbythe(one-seedleaf)palmszyuccas,andtheirallies,whichareconfinedtothemostsouthernpartsofthecountry.Broad-leavedtreesarealsoknownasdeciduoustrees,although,especiallyinwarmcountries,manyofthemareevergreen,whiletheneedle-leavedtrees(conifers)arecommonlytermed"evergreens,"althoughthelarch,baldcypress,andothersshedtheirleaveseveryfall,andeventhenames"broad-leaved"and"coniferous,"thoughperhapsthemostsatisfactory,arenotatallexact,fortheconifer"ginkgo"hasbroadleavesandbearsnocones.Amongthewoodsmen,thewoodsofbroad-leavedtreesareknownas"hardwoods,"thoughpoplarisassoftaspinezandthe"coniferouswoods"areknownas"softwoods,"notwithstandingthefactthatyewrankshighinhardnessevenwhencomparedwith"hardwoods".Bothinthenumberofdifferentkindsoftreesorspeciesandstillmoreintheimportanceoftheirproducttheconifersandbroad-leavedtreesfarexcelthepalmsandtheirrelatives.Inthemanneroftheirgrowth,boththeconifersandbroad-leavedtreesbehavealike,addingeachyearanewlayerofwood,whichcoverstheoldwoodinallpartsofthestemandlimbs.Thus,thetrunkcontinuestogrowinthicknessthroughoutthelifeofthetreebyadditions(annualrings),whichintemperateclimatesare,barringaccidents,accuraterecordsofthetree'sage.Withthepalmsandtheirrelativesthestemremainsgenerallyofthesamediametecthetreeofahundredyearsoldbeingasthickasitwasattenyearszthegrowthofthesebeingonlyatthetop.Evenwhereaperipheralincreasetakesplace,asintheyuccas,thewoodisnotlaidoninwell-definedlayersforthestructureremainsirregularthroughout.Thoughalikeinthemanneroftheirgrowth,andthereforesimilarintheirgeneralmake-up,conifersandbroad-leavedtreesdiffermarkedlyinthedetailsoftheirstructureandthecharacteroftheirwood.Thewoodofallconifersisverysimpleinitsstructure,thefibrescomposingthemainpartofthewoodallbeingalikeandtheirarrangementregular.Thewoodofthebroad-leavedtreesiscomplexinstructure;itismadeupofdifferentkindsofcellsandfibresandlackstheregularityofarrangementsonoticeableintheconifers.Thisdifferenceissogreatthatinastudyofwoodstructureitisbesttoconsiderthetwokindsseparately.Inthiscountrythegreatvarietyofwoods,andespeciallyofusefulwoods,oftenmakesthemeredistinctionofthekindorspeciesoftreemostdifficult.Thus,thereareatleasteightpinesofthethirty-fivenativeonesonthemarket,someofwhichsocloselyresembleeachotherintheirminutestructurethatonecanhardlytellthemapart,andyettheydifferinqualityandareoftenmixedorconfoundedinthetrade.Ofthethirty-sixoaks,ofwhichprobablynotlessthansixoreightaremarketed,wecanreadilyrecognizebymeansoftheirminuteanatomyatleasttwotribes-thewhiteandblackoaks.Thesameistrueoftheelevenkindsofhickory,thesixkindsofashzandsoon.ThelistofnamesofalltreesindigenoustotheUnitedStates,asenumeratedbytheUnitedStatesForestService,is495innumber,thedesignationof"tree"beingappliedtoallwoodyplantswhichproducenaturallyintheirnativehabitatonemain,erectstem,bearingadefinitecrown,nomatterwhatsizetheyattain.TimberisproducedonlybytheSpermatophyta,orseed-bearingplants,whicharesubdividedintotheGymnosperms(conifers),andAngiosperms(broad-leaved).Theconiferorcone-bearingtree,towhichbelongthepines,Iarcheszandfirs,isoneofthethreenaturalordersofGymnosperms.Thesearegenerallyclassedas"softwoods,"andaremoreextensivelyscatteredandmoregenerallyusedthananyotherclassoftimber,andaresimpleandregularinstructure.Theso-called"hardwoods"are"Dicotyledons"orbroad-leavedtrees,asubdivisionoftheAngiosperms.Theyaregenerallyofslowergrowth,andproducehardertimberthantheconifers,butnotnecessarilyso.Basswood,poplar;sycamorezandsomeofthegums,thoughclassedwiththehardwoods,arenotnearlyashardassomeofthepines.Source:https:WWW.autenberq.orci/files/26598/26598-h/26598-h.htm#SEenONIQuestions1-6Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEAORDfromreadingpassage1foreachanswer.TreetypeAlsoknownasWoodknownasDiameterofthetrunkStructureofthewoodBroad-leaved13.Increasesin6Needle-IeavedConifersorConiferous5whilethetreeisSimple2woodsoralivePalms4.RemainsthesameAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions7-10CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Gfromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.7. Despitethefactthatconifersareknownasevergreens,8. Somebroad-leavedtreeshave9. Intermsofthewoodproducedbythetree,thatofpalms10. SomegumtreesproducetimberA. moreringsthanconifers.B. ofgreatcomplexity.C. someofthemlosetheirleavesintheautumn.D. thatissofterthanpine.E. isfarlessimportantthanthatofconifersandbroad-leavedtrees.F. thedifferenceinstructureisnegligible.G. woodthatisequalinsoftnesstopine.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions11-14Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthetextforeachanswer.