世界经济论坛-净零到净负：领导者碳去除指南（英）-2021.11-18正式版.docx

WHITE PAPERNOVEMBER 20 2 1In Collaboration with the Global Future Council on Net-Zero Transition and the Alliance of CEO Climate LeadersWORLDECONOMICFORUMNet-ZerotoNet-Negative:AGuideforLeadersonCarbonRemovalCoverandimages:GettyImages,UnsplashContentsForeword3Executivesummary4Intrcxjuction51 Understandcarbonremovalanditslimitations71.1 Wheretoputremovedcarbon?81.2 Wheniscarbonremoved?91.3 Howlongwillcarbonstayremoved?92 Plantoaddressfuture,presentandpastemissions103 Seeksystemicimpact11Conclusion12Annex13Acknowledgements15Contributors16Endnotes17DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEnomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEnomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2021WorldEomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.November 2021Net-ZerotoNet-Negative:AGuideforLeadersonCarbonRemovalForewordBaroness Bryony Worthington Co-Director, Quadrature Climate Foundation, UnitedKingdomMyles Allen Professor of Geosystem Science. Director, Oxford Net Zero, University of Oxford, United KingdomThreethingsneedtohappentolimitglobalwarmingtosafelevelsinlinewiththeParisAgreement:greenhousegasemissionsneedtobehalvedby2030;net-zeroemissionsmustbeachievedby2050;andglobalemissionswillneedtobecomenet-negativeemissionsafter2050.Firstandforemost,holdingontoastableclimaterequiresadrasticreductionofemissions.Thiswillrequireaneconomictransformationthatreimagineshowweproduceanduseenergyandmostcommodities.Andyet,thatwillstillnotbeenough.Asacomplementtoreductions,carbonremovalsolutionsareneeded.Notonlywillsomeemissions-forexample,inagricultureandheavyindustry-beverydifficulttoreduce,wealsoneedtodrawdowntheEarth'sownemissionsresultingfromthenaturalfeedbackloopsofawarmingplanetandalsoreversethebuild-upofemissionsthathaveaccumulated,andcontinuetoaccumulate,intheatmosphereovertime.Thispaperoffersatimelyguideforbusinessandpolicyleadersdeterminedtoacceleratethetransitiontoaneconomycompatiblewithmaintainingasafeclimate.Itdescribesthelandscapeofexistingcarbonremovalopportunities-fromnature-basedtotechnologicalandhybridsolutions-discussestherelativemeritsandchallengesassociatedwiththese,andrecommendsasetofactionstobeginspeedinguptheirdeploymenttoday.Keyamongthesearecommittingto:learningaboutandinterrogatingtheconceptofcarbonremovalstounderstandthetrade-offs;usingremovalstoaddresscurrent,futureand,importantly,pastemissions;andseekingaleveraged,systemicimpactratherthantakingatactical,least-costapproach.TwooftheWorldEconomicForm,scommunitiescollaboratedtodevelopthispaper:theGlobalFutureCouncil(GFC)onNet-ZeroTransitionandtheAllianceofCEOClimateLeaders'CarbonRemovalsClimateActionGroup.Thiscollaborationalsoproducedapresentation-fromCEOstoCEOs-summarizingthecriticalroleofcarbonremovalandhowcompaniescanuseitbothcrediblyandsmartly.Wearegratefulforthemanycontributionsfrombothofthesegroups,whichalsoyieldedaseriesofarticlespublishedontheForum'sAgendablog,andinparticulartoEliMitchell-LarsonoftheOxfordNetZeroinitiativeandCarbonGapforhisworkindraftingandcollatingmanydiverseperspectives.Thisdiversityhasgeneratedarobustsetofrecommendationsforleaderswhoarereadytodeliverthisimportantpieceoftheclimatepuzzle.ChristianMumenthalerGroupChiefExecutiveOfficer,SwissRe;Co-ChairoftheAllianceofCEOClimateLeaders,SwitzerlandExecutivesummaryPlanningfortheactiveremovalofcarbondioxidefromtheatmospherecoupledwithstorage(CDR),isanintegralpartofanycomprehensivenet-zerostrategy.Thiswhitepaperisaguidefordecision-makerstosomeofthekeychallengesandopportunitiestheymustconsiderwhenengagingwithcarbonremovals.Whentouseremovals?Theuseofcarbonremovalsneedstofollowthemitigationhierarchy:thefirstpriorityisalwaystoreduceoravoidemissionswherepossible.Carbonremovalisappropriateifusedforoneofthreepurposes:1. Compensatingforemissionsthatresultdirectlyfromanactor'sactivitiesbutwhicharedifficultorimpossibletoreduce.2. CompensatingfortheEarth'semissionsresultingfromclimatechangeitself(andhenceindirectlyfrompastorfutureemissions)3. Foractorswithhighambitionsandstrongleadership,goingfurther-achievingnet-negativeemissionstoaddressthelegacyofpastemissions,tacklingthebuildupofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereandbeginningtorestoretheclimateHowshouldleadersengagewithremovals?Wehighlightthreekeyconsiderations:Understandcarbonremovalanditslimitations-itisessentialtoconsiderthecompleteend-to-endcarbonremovalandstoragechallenge.Carbonremovaltechniquescanbroadlybedividedintocategoriesaccordingtothemethodofremoval,andtheformofsubsequentformatofstorage,someofwhichareconsiderednature-based","enginee