美国总统15 亚伯拉罕 林肯（3）.docx

美国总统15亚伯拉罕林肯(3)AbrahamLincoln:Martyr(PartThree)playstopmutemaxvolume-14:0400:00repeatByKellyJeanKelly18June,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmerica'sPresidents.TodayWewillfinishourstoryaboutAbrahamLincoln.HeledtheUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWar.Thatconflictlastedfrom1861to1865.InitzthesouthernstatesoftheConfederacybattledtheNorthernstatesoftheUnion.Asawartimepresident,Lincolnwasknownforseveralthings.Hewasactivelyinvolvedinplottingthemilitarycampaign.WhenLincolnwasunhappywiththeperformanceofhistopgenerals,hedismissedthem.Healsogreatlyincreasedthepowerofthepresidency,evenbeyondwhattheU.S.Constitutionpermitted.AndzLincolnstruckattheissueattheheartoftheCivilWar:slavery.HeorderedthatenslavedpeopleintheConfederatestatesbe"foreverfree."HisorderiscalledtheEmancipationProclamation.GettysburgSevenmonthsaftertheEmancipationProclamationwentintoeffect,theConfederacyandtheUnionclashedinthebloodiestbattleoftheCivilWar.ThearmyofConfederateGeneralRobertE.Leewasontheoffensive.LeeplannedtomovethefightingoutoftheSouthandinvadetheNorth.HewonamajorvictoryagainstUnionforcesatChancellorsvillezVirginia.ThenhepushedacrossMarylandandintoPennsylvania.AUnionarmyzledbyGeneralGeorgeMeadezmetLee,stroopsnearasmall,crossroadstowncalledGettysburg.InthefirstdaysofJuly1863-alittlemorethantwoyearsafterthestartoftheCivilWar-ConfederateandUniontroopseachstruggledtoclaimtheterritory.Bothsidessufferedmassivecasualties.ButLeebelievedConfederatetroopswereclosetowinning,andthatMeadehadspreadhissoldiersthin.So,onthethirddayOffightingzheorderedadirectattackonUnionforces.Lee,ssoldiersaimedatthecenteroftheUnionline,positionedbehindstonewallsatthetopofaridge,orraisedarea.Confederatesfirstusedcannonstofireartilleryattheridge.Thenabout15z000Confederatesoldiersbeganmarchingacrossmorethanakilometerofanopenfield.TheUnionsoldiersbehindthewallsfiredonthem.TheConfederateattackonUnionforcesonJuly3,1863isknownasPickett'sChrage.(PhotobyRonCogswell)Atthesametime,moreUnionforcesattackedtheConfederatesoldiersontheleftandright.Inhalfanhour,three-quartersofthesoldiersintheopenfieldhadbeenkilledorwounded.Thousandsmoreoneachsidealsodied.ThesurvivingConfederateforcesquicklywithdrewandwaitedforMeadetoattackagain.ButzmuchtoLincoln'sdissatisfaction,hedidnot.Thefollowingmorning,LeeledthesurvivorsbacktoVirginia.Heleftbehind28,000soldiersdead,woundedormissing,morethanone-thirdofhistotalarmy.TheUnionhadsuffered23,000casualties,almostasmany.GettysburgAddressTheBattleofGettysburgisimportantinAmericanhistoryforseveralreasons.Oneisthelargenumberofkilledandwoundedsoldiers-thelargestuntilWorldWarIIinthe20thcentury.Anotherreasonisbecauseitwasaturningpointinthewar.ItendedLee'sinvasionoftheNorthandweakenedhisarmypermanently.Overthesamedays,UniontroopswonanothermajorvictoryunderGeneralUlyssesS.GrantinthesoutherncityofVicksburgzMississippi.ThebattlesatVicksburgandGettysburgbegantoturntheconflicttotheUnion'sfavor.Finally,theBat±leofGettysburgisalmostalwayslinkedtoaspeechLincolngavethere,knownastheGettysburgAddress.Itisonlyabout270wordslong.ButitisoneofthemostfamousspeechesinAmericanhistory.1.incolnspokeattheopeningofacemeteryforallthesoldierswhohaddiedatGettysburg.Buthealsousedtheeventtospeaktotheentirecountryaboutthewar.HesaidtheconflictwasatestofwhethertheAmericanformofgovernmentcouldsurvive.Thatisza"governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople."HealsopointedtotheDeclarationofIndependenceasthecountry'sfoundingdocument.Hesaidthenationhadbeen"conceivedinliberty."And,hesaidzitwasdedicatedtotheideathat"allmenarecreatedequal."Historianshavenotedthat,inthespeech,Lincolnchangedthereasoningbehindthewareffort.Itcontinuedtobeastruggletoreunitethecountry.ButaftertheGettysburgAddress,itwasalsomoreclearlyastruggletofreeenslavedpeople.SurrenderatAppomattoxCourthouseIn1864zLincolnwonre-electiontoasecondtermaspresident.HisnewvicepresidentwasSenatorAndrewJohnsonfromtheSouthernstateofTennessee.Attheswearing-inceremony,thepresidentspokeabouttheneedfortheNorthandSouthtocometogetheragainpeacefully.AbrahamLincolngivinghisSecondInauguralAddressinMarch1865Inthatspeech,hisfamousSecondInaugural,LincolncalledonallAmericanstofinishthewar.Heurgedthemtocareforthewounded,thewivesandchildrenofsoldierskilledinbattle,andtoseeka"justandlastingpeace."Mostimportantly,LincolnaskedAmericanstoreunite"withmalicetowardnone,withcharityforall."Inotherwords,withrespectandkindness.AfewweeksIaterzthewareffectivelyended.1.incoln'smilitaryplanhadworked.Hehadfinallyfoundtwogeneralswhomhetrusted:UlyssesS.GrantandWilliamT.Sherman.Shermanledacampaignacrossthesouthernstates.HispaththroughGeorgia,fromthecityofAtlantatothecityofSavannah,wasknownasSherman'sMarchtotheSea.Themarchdestroyedfarmsandhousesalongtheway.Thedestructionwasterrible.Itwasalsoeffective.TheConfederateArmywasleftwithlittlefoodorcommunication.Atthesametime,GrantsurroundedLee,sarmyinVirginia.GrantcuttheseSoutherntroopsofffromsupplies,too.1.eerealizedhemustsurrenderto