英文原文-全球城市：纽约、伦敦、东京.docx

TheGLOBALCITY:NEWYORKzLONDON,TOKYOBySaskiaSassenPage19OverviewForcenturies,theworldeconomyhasshapedthelifeofcities.Thisbookisaboutthatrelationshiptoday.Beginninginthe1960sztheorganizationofeconomicactivityenteredaperiodofpronouncedtransformation.Thechangeswereexpressedinthealteredstructureoftheworldeconomy,andalsoassumedformsspecifictoparticularplaces.Certainofthesechangesarebynowfamiliar:thedismantlingofonce-powerfulindustrialcentersintheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,andmorerecentlyinJapan;theacceleratedindustrializationofseveralThirdWorldcountries;therapidinternationalizationofthefinancialindustryintoaworldwidenetworkoftransactions.Eachofthesechangesalteredtherelationofcitiestotheinternationaleconomy.InthedecadesafterWorldWar11,therewasaninternationalregimebasedonUnitedStatesdominanceintheworldeconomyandtherulesforglobaltradecontainedinthe1945BrettonWoodsagreement.Bytheearly1970s,theconditionssupportingthatregimeweredisintegrating.Thebreakdowncreatedavoidintowhichstepped,perhapsinalastburstofnationaldominance,thelargeU.S.transnationalindustrialfirmsandbanks.Inthisperiodoftransition,themanagementoftheinternationaleconomicorderwastoaninordinateextentrunfromtheheadquartersofthesefirms.Bytheearly1980szhowever,thelargeU.S.transnationalfirmsexperiencedsharpmarketsharelossesfromforeigncompetition.Yettheinternationaleconomydidnotsimplybreakintofragments.Thegeographyandcompositionoftheglobaleconomychangedsoastoproduceacomplexduality:aspatiallydispersed,yetgloballyintegratedorganizationofeconomicactivity.Thepointofdepartureforthepresentstudyisthatthecombinationofspatialdispersalandglobalintergrationhascreatedanewstrategicroleformajorcities.Beyondtheirlonghistoryascentersforinternationaltradeandbanking,thesecitiesnowfunctioninfournewways:first,ashighlyconcentratedcommandpointsintheorganizationoftheworldeconomy;second,askeylocationsforfinaceandforspecializedservicefirms,whichhavereplacedmanufacturingastheleadingeconomicsectors;third,assitesofproduction,includingtheproductionofinnovations,intheseleadingindustries;andfourth,asmarketsfortheproductsandinnovationsproducedandP4innovationsproduced.Thesechangesinthefunctioningofcitieshavehadamassiveimpactuponbothinternationaleconomicactivityandurbanform:Citiesconcentratecontrolovervastresources,whilefinanceandspecializedserviceindustrieshaverestructuredtheurbansocialandeconomicorder.Thusanewtypeofcityhasappeared.it'istheglobalCityr-LeadingexamplesnowareNewYork,London,andTokyo.Thesethreecitiesarethefocusofthisbook.AsIshallshow,thesethreecitieshaveundergonemassiveandparallelchangesintheireconomicbase,spatialorganization,andsocialstructure.Butthisparalleldevelopmentisapuzzle.Howcouldcitieswithasdiverseahistory,culture,politics,andeconomyasNewYork,London,andTokyoexperiencesimilartransformationsconcentratedinsobriefaperiodoftime?Notexaminedatlengthinmystudy,butimportanttoitstheoreticalframework,ishowtransformationsincitiesrangingfromParistoFrankfurttoHongKongandSaoPaulohaverespondedtothesamedynamic.Tounderstandthepuzzleofparallelchangeindiversecitiesrequiresnotsimplyapoint-by-pointcomparisonofNewYork,London,andTokyo,butasituatingofthesecitiesinasetofglobalprocesses.Inordertounderstandwhymajorcitieswithdifferentcultureshaveundergoneparalleleconomicandsocialchanges,weneedtoexaminetransformationsintheworldeconomy.Yetthetermglobalcitymaybereductiveandmisleadingifitsuggeststhatcitiesaremereoutcomesofaglobaleconomicmachine.Theyarespecificplaceswhosespaces,internaldynamics,andsocialstructurematter;indeed,wemaybeabletounderstandtheglobalorderonlybyanalyzingwhykeystructuresoftheworldeconomyarenecessacilysituatedincities.Howdoesthepositionofthesecitiesintheworldeconomytodaydifferfromthatwhichtheyhavehistoricallyheldascentersofbankingandtrade?WhenMaxWeberanalyzedthemedievalcitieswoventogetherintheHanseaticLeague,heconceivedtheirtradeastheexchangeofsurplusproduction;Itwashisviewthatamedievalcitycouldwithdrawfromexternaltradeandcontinuetosupportitsetalbeitonareducedscale.ThemodernmoleculeofglobalcitiesisnothinglikethetradeamongselfsufficientplacesintheHanseaticLeague,asWeberunderstoodit.Thefirstthesisadvancedinthisbookisthattheterritorialdispersalofcurrenteconomicactivitycreatesaneedforexpandedcentralcontrolandmagement.Inotherwords,whileinprincipletheterritorialdecentralizationofeconomicactivityinrecentyearscouldhavebeenaccompaniedbyacorrespondingdecentralizationinownershipandhenceintheappropriationofprofits,therehasbeenlittlemovementinthatdirection.Thoughlargefirmshaveincreasedtheirsubcontractingtosmallerfirms,andmanynationalfirmsinthenewlyindustrializingcountrieshavegrownrapidly,thisformofgrowthisultimatelypartofachain.EvenP5industrialhomeworkersInremoteruralareasarenowpartofthatchain.Thetransnationalcorporationscontinuetocontrolmuchoftheendproductandareaptheprofitsassociatedwithsellingintheworldmarket.Theinternationalizationandexpansionofthefinancialindustryhasbroughtgrowthtoalargenumberofsmallerfinancialmarkets,agrowthwhichhasfedtheexpansionoftheglobalindustry.Buttop-leve