IRENA-制氢用水（英）-2023_市场营销策划_重点报告202301202_doc.docx

IntemotionolRenewable''j.,->.燹IRENAWaterforhydrogen2productionO©IRENA2023Unlessotherwisestated,materialintispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,pied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.ISBN：978-92-9260-526-1citation：IRENAandBluerisk(2023),Waterforhydrogenproduction,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,Bluerisk,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates.ABOUTIRENATheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfutureandservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergyzgeothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergy,inthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity.www.irena.orgABOUTBLUERISKBlueriskisawaterstrategyanddataanalyticsconsultancyfocusedonenhancingresilienceandreducingriskinthefaceofemergingwaterchallenges.BluerkkACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThereportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofUteCollieracting-Director,IRENAKnowledgePolicyandFinanceCentreandauthoredbyEmanueleBianco(IRENA),TianyiLuo(Bluerisk),andDivyamNagpal(ex-IRENA).IRENAcolleaguesAnn-KatbrinLipponer,LuisJaneiroandFranciscoBoshellprovidedvaluableinput.AnetaCornell(EcoIab),LorenzoRosa(StanfordUniversity),ChaoZhangandYinshuangXia(TongjiUniversity),providedtechnicalcontributionstothereport.MarinaMelnikovaandYuryMelnikov(Mytonastars)providedusefulcontributionsandobservations.Thereportbenefitedfromthereviewsandcommentsofexperts,includingAlistairWyness,RachaelRaid(BP)zNitinBassi(CEEW),YuZhang,ZiyanSha(ChinaHydrogenEnergyIndustryPromotionAssociation),CristianCarraretto,RobertoGonzales(EBRD),AnetaCornell,EmilioTenuta(EcoIab),MassimoSantarelli(PolytechnicUniversityofTurin),AlejandroLongueira(RolandBerger)andSmeetaFokeer(UNIDO).PublicationsupportwasprovidedbyFrancisFieldandStephanieClarke(IRENA).ThereportwaseditedbyFayreMakeig,withdesignprovidedbyElkanodata.Forfurtherinformationortoprovidefeedback:publicationsirena.orgDISCLAIMERThispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovideduasisw.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataorotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovidesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanynsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein.TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandtepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orncerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries.TableofcontentsGlossary5Executivesummary6Chapter 1Introductiontothehydrogen-waternexus14Chapter 2Areviewofwaterquantityrequirementsincommercial-scalehydrogenproduction21Chapter 3Waterfootprintandrisksofglobalhydrogenproduction32Chapter 4Deep-diveanalysesofnorthernChina,theGulfandEurope42Chapter 5ConclusionsandRecommendations54References59Appendix63FiguresFigureSlAcomparisonofaveragewaterwithdrawalandconsumptionintensitiesbyhydrogenproductiontechnologyFigureS2Currentandprojectedfreshwaterwithdrawalforglobalhydrogenproduction,bypathwayFigure2.1Schematicsofprocess-specificwaterwithdrawalandnsumptioninlitresfortypicalhydrogentechnologiestogenerate1kilogrammeofhydrogenFigure2.2ShareofthewaterwithdrawalneedsofproductionandcoolingintheoverallwaterdemandofhydrogenproductionexamplesFigure2.3AcomparisonofaveragewaterwithdrawalandconsumptionintensitiesbyhydrogenproductiontechnologyFigure2.4RelationsbetweenhydrogenconversionefficiencyandwaterwithdrawalandconsumptionintensitiesofatypicalelectrolysisprojectFigure2.5Annualwaterwithdrawaloftypicalhydrogenproductionprojects,thermalpowerplantsandmunicipalitiesFigure3.1Currentandprojectedfutureglobalhydrogenproductionunderthe1.50CScenarioFigure3.2Currentandprojectedfreshwaterwithdrawalforglobalhydrogenproduction,bypathwayFigure 3.3Figure 3.4Freshwaterforhydrogenproductionandclingztodayto2050Globalwaterstressconditionsandgreenandbluehydrogenprojectlocationsfor2040Figure3.5Distributionofglobaloperationalandplannedgreenandbluehydro