未来能源研究所-欧盟碳边界调整机制、《清洁竞争法》和《外国污染费法》的比较（英）-2023.12_市.docx
he ForREE。UlRcES 由£/% FUTU REansm, tne n Act, and ion Fee ActUnion Carb( AdjustmentAbouttheAuthorsMilanElkerboutisafellowatRFFworkingoninternationalclimatepolicyandonEuropeanclimatepoliciestodecarbonizeenergy-intensiveindustriesinparticular.HehasworkedextensivelyontheEuropeanUnion'semissionstradingsystem(EUETS),itsvariousreforms,anditsroleindecarbonizingindustry.Elkerbouthasledpolicyresearchongreensteelcarboncaptureandcarbonremovals,carbonleakage,climateclubs,aswellastheEU'sresponsetotheCOVID-19pandemic,energycrisis,andUSInflationReductionAct.Hehasalsowrittenonindustrialandinnovationpolicy,thetrade-climatepolicynexus,andsupranationalgovernance,andhasworkedwithpolicymakers,industry,civilsociety,andacademia.ElkerbouthasabackgroundinEuropeanpoliticaleconomy.Between2014and2023,hewasworkingforCEPS,apolicythinktankinBrussels,asaresearchfellowandheadofitsclimateprogram.Fromspring2019,hespentayearasavisitingfellowatIVLStockholmaspartoftheMistraCarbonExitresearchprogram.RaymondKoppisaseniorfellowatResourcesfortheFuture(RFF).HeholdsPhDandMAdegreesineconomicsandanundergraduatedegreeinfinance.HehasbeenamemberoftheRFFresearchstaffsince1977andhasheldavarietyofmanagementpositionswithintheinstitution.Kopp'sinterestinenvironmentalpolicybeganinthelate1970s,whenhedevelopedtechniquestomeasuretheeffectofpollutioncontrolregulationsontheeconomicefficiencyofsteamelectricpowergeneration.HethenledthefirstexaminationofthecostofmajorU.S.environmentalregulationsinafull,generalequilibrium,dynamiccontextbyusinganapproachthatisnowwidelyacceptedasstate-of-the-artincost-benefitanalysis.DuringhiscareerKopphasspecializedintheanalysisofenvironmentalandnaturalresourceissueswithafocusonfederalregulatoryactivity.Heisanexpertintechniquesofassigningvaluetoenvironmentalandnaturalresourcesthatdonothavemarketprices,whichisfundamentaltocost-benefitanalysisandtheassessmentofdamagestonaturalresources.Kopp'scurrentresearchinterestsfocusonthedesignofdomesticandinternationalpolicestocombatclimatechange.KevinRennertisafellowatRFF,wherehefirstjoinedasavisitingfellowin2017.PriortohisarrivalatRFF,RennertservedasdeputyassociateadministratorfortheOfficeofPolicyattheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.LeadinguptohisappointmentintheOfficeofPolicy,heworkedassenioradvisoronEnergyfortheSenateFinanceCommittee.Inthatrole,Rennertadvisedthecommittee'sChairman,SenatorRonWyden(D-OR)zonawiderangeoftopicsrelatedtocleanenergy,efficiency,andpoliciestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.From2008to2014,heworkedonenergyandclimatelegislationasseniorprofessionalStafffortheSenateEnergyCommittee.Inthatcapacity,RennertledthedevelopmentoftheCleanEnergyStandardActof2012(S.2146),apresidentialprioritythatwouldusemarketmechanismstodoubletheamountofelectricitygeneratedintheUSfromloworzerocarbonsourcesby2035.In2010and2011,RennertalsotaughtgraduatecoursesinenergypolicyasadjunctfacultyintheDepartmentofStrategicManagementandPublicPolicyatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity.AboutRFFResourcesfortheFuture(RFF)isanindependent,nonprofitresearchinstitutioninWashington,DC.Itsmissionistoimproveenvironmental,energy,andnaturalresourcedecisionsthroughimpartialeconomicresearchandpolicyengagement.RFFiscommittedtobeingthemostwidelytrustedsourceofresearchinsightsandpolicysolutionsleadingtoahealthyenvironmentandathrivingeconomy.TheviewsexpressedherearethoseoftheindividualauthorsandmaydifferfromthoseofotherRFFexperts,itsofficers,oritsdirectors.SharingOurWorkOurworkisavailableforsharingandadaptationunderanAttribution-NoncommerciaI-NoDerivatives4.0International(CCBY-NC-ND4.0)license.Youcancopyandredistributeourmaterialinanymediumorformat;youmustgiveappropriatecredit,providealinktothelicense,andindicateifchangesweremade,andyoumaynotapplyadditionalrestrictions.Youmaydosoinanyreasonablemanner,butnotinanywaythatsuggeststhelicensorendorsesyouoryouruse.Youmaynotusethematerialforcommercialpurposes.Ifyouremix,transform,orbuilduponthematerial,youmaynotdistributethemodifiedmaterial.Formoreinformation,visitAbstractInatworecentpublications,CarbonBorderAdjustments:DesignElements,Options,andPolicyDecisionsandForeignPollutionFeeActDesignElements,Options,andPolicyDecisions,weprovidedanoverviewandcomparisonofcurrentborderadjustmentmechanisms(BAMs).InthefirstpublicationwefocusedontheEuropeanUnion'sCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(EUCBAM);theFair,Affordable,Innovative,andResilientTransitionandCompetitionAct(FAIRAct),sponsoredbySenatorChrisCoons(D-DE);andtheCleanCompetitionAct(CCA)zbySenatorSheldonWhitehouse(D-RI).InthesecondpublicationwereviewedanewpieceofproposedUSSenatelegislation,theForeignPollutionFeeAct(FPFA)zintroducedbySenatorBillCassidy(R-LA)zSenatorLindseyGraham(R-SC)zandSenatorRogerWicker(R-MS).InthisreportweprovidemoredetailontheEUCBAMandcompareittotheFPFAandtheCCA,whichwasreintroducedonDecember6,2023.A great deal of the FPFA description used in this report is reproduced from ourpublication Foreign Pollution Fee Act: Design Elements, Options, and Policy Decisions.Thisreportusesthedesignelementsintroduce
