世界银行-腐败的受害者：回报（英）-2023.11.docx

P N-o£n< alnsoosQ-qndNOVEMBER2023.timsofCorruptionBackforPayback0<alnso-osQ-qndFelipeFreitasFaIconiJoseUgazJuanitaOlayaGarciaYaraEsquivelSotoPN-o号<alnsoosQ-qndVictimsOfCorruptionBackforPaybackFelipeFreitasFalconiJoseUgazJuanitaOlayaGarciaYaraEsquivelSotoSionAssetRecoveryMtiMThWofMBmAUNOOC©2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW1Washington,DC20433Telephone:0Internet:star.worldbank.orgEmail:starinitiativeworldbank.orgTwitter:()returningassetsSomerightsreserved.StAR-theStolenAssetReveryInitiativeisapartnershipbetweentheWorldBankGroupandtheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)thatsupportsinternationaleffortstoendsafehavensforcorruptfunds.StARworkswithdevelopingcountriesandfinancialcenterstopreventthelaunderingoftheproceedsofcorruptionandtofacilitatemoresystematicandtimelyreturnofstolenassets.ThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankandtheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrimewithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent,theUnitedNations,oritsMemberStates.TheWorldBankandtheUnitedNationsdonotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankortheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoraeptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBankortheUnitedNations,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.RightsandPermissionsThematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven.Anyqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.CoverillustrationbyLindsayJordanKretchenDesignbySensicalDesignContentsAbbreviations4Acknowledgments5Introduction6InternationalStandards121 .1TheUnitedNationsConventionagainstCorruption(UNCAC)1222 ThePoliticalDeclarationadoptedattheUnitedNationsSpecialSessionoftheGeneralAssembly1423 TheCouncilofEuropeCivilLawConventiononCorruption1524 TheCouncilofEuropeConventiononLaundering,Search,SeizureandConfiscationoftheProceedsfromCrimeandontheFinancingofTerrorism.1625 EuropeanUnion(EU)Directive2014/42/EUonthefreezingandconfiscationofinstrumentalitiesandproceedsofcrimeintheEuropeanUnion1626 VictimsasdefinedinInternationalandRegionalHumanRightsTreatiesandStandards1627 7AarhusConvention1828 Otherinternationalcommitments18AvenuesforReparation203.1Civilproceedings2032Criminalproceedings2133ClassActionsandRepresentativeActions233.4ConstitutionalProtectionMechanisms2435HumanRightsMechanisms253fiAdministrativeProCedUreS273.7Reparationfunds28LegalStandingandVictimStatus304.1Legalstandingacrossjurisdictions3042Legalstandingincivilproceedings3243Legalstandingincriminalproceedings324.4Legalstandinginclassactionsandrepresentativeactions3445Typesofvictims34EstablishingDamages441 .1Directandindirectdamages4452 Materialandimmaterialdamages4653 Proofandmeasurementofdamages47ConclusionandReflectionsfortheFuture526.1Enablingtheparticipationofvictimsincriminalproceedings5262Enablingtheparticipationofvictimsinnon-trialresolutions5363Aontingforthenatureofcorruptiondamages536.4Enablingtherecoveryofdamagesthroughreparationfunds5465Measuresbeyondlegislativeandpolicyframeworks:Accesstoinformation,researchandparticipationofcivilsociety,academiaandvictimsofcorruption.54TableTable4.1.CasesinwhichGovernmentshaveReveredDamagesinU.S.Courts.37BoxesBox3.1.ConsitutionofArgentina25Box3.2.ConstitutionofCostaRica25Box3.3.EnablingCollectiveRights28Box4.1.CivilSocietyandAssetRevery33Box4.2.TheGiirtelcase34Box4.3.Switzerland35Box4.4.UnitedKingdom36Box4.5.UnitedStates36Box4.6.BriberyInvestigationsUsingtheFCPA37Box4.7.CostaRica39Box4.8.TheLavaJatoCase40Box4.9.Brazil40Box5.1.RichetDamage44Box5.2.MoralDamages47Box5.3.ExistenceofHarmthroughProofofDamages48Box5.4.MoralDamages48Box5.5.Non-PecuniaryDamages49Box5.6.QuantificationofReparations49AbbreviationsCETSCOPINH COSP ECCJ ECOWAS EU FATF FCPA GFAR IACHR IBA ICE MACCIH NGO OAS OHCHR OECD SFO StAR TlUN UNCAC UNECE UNODCCouncilofEuropeConventiononLaundering,Search,SeizureandConfiscationoftheProceedsfromCrimeandontheFinancingOfTerrorismNGOCivicCouncilofPopularandIndigenousOrganizationsofHondurasConferenceofStatePartiestotheUNCACECOWASCourtofJusticeEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates