人教版四年级下册简便计算分类整理及练习.docx
人教版四年级数学下册简便运算、一e£tz-i一、必算律(一)加法加法交换律:a+b=b+a示例:35+25=25+35加法结合律:(a+b)+c-a+(b+c)示例:(35+25)+15=35+(25+15)()减法减法运算性质:a-b-c-a-(b+c)示例:200-56-44=200-(56+44)a-b-c-a-c-b示例:154-36-54=154-54-36a-b+c-a+c-b示例:155-60+45=155+45-60a-(b-c)=a-b+c示例:258-(158-65)=258-158+65(三)乘法乘法交换律:a×b=b×a示例:25X4=4X25乘法结合律:a×b×c=a×(b×c)示例:12×25×4=12×(25×4)乘法分配律:(a+b)×c=a×c+b×c示例:(40+4)X25=40X25+4X25(四)除法:除法运算性质:a÷b÷c-a÷(b×c)示例:300÷25÷4=300÷(25×4)a÷b×c=a×c÷b示例:125+5X8=125X8÷5a÷b÷c-a÷c÷b示例:64÷4÷8=64÷8÷4二、常用方法:(一)拆分凑整:1 .示例:168-99=168-100+1=68+1=6999+25=99+(1+24)=99+1+24=100+24=1242 .练习题:99+3598+4699+5297+66299+35398+49999+128599+3493+499999+88370+1995329+498899+344968-5991883-3981883-398497-299871-299157-99968-599363-199899+344497-299370+19599+438783-398264-199(二)分组凑整:1 .示例:27+85+73+15=(27+73)+(85+15)=100÷100=2002 .练习题:278+463+22+37425+14+186158+262+138375+219+381+225378+44+114+242+222276+228+353+2192214+638+286732+580+268(181+2564)+271958+262+138375+219+381+2252214+638+286(181+2564)+2719378+44+114÷242÷222276+228+353+219(375+1034)+(966+125)(2130+783+270)+1017375+219+381+225378+44+114+242+222(375+1034)+(966+125)(2130+783+270)+1017276+228+353+219(375+1034)+(966+125)(2130+783+270)+1017165+342+158+445650÷13÷5=650÷ (13×5)=650÷65=102100-728-772(三)加括号凑整:1 .示例:122-48-52=122-(48+52)=122-100=222 .练习题:1200-624-76847-527-2735001-247-1021-2322357-183-317-3572365-1086-2147755-(2187+755)3065-738-10652357-183-317-357236510862142356-(1356-721)1235-(1780-1545)3065-738-1065273-73-278100÷3÷273000÷125÷81250÷25÷53600÷25÷47300÷25÷47200÷24÷301800÷36÷51050÷15÷728800÷96÷321000÷125÷87300÷25÷45001-247-1021-2328100÷4÷755000÷8÷125(四)去括号凑整:1.示例:131-(61+31)585-(185-66)=131-61-31=585-185+66=131-31-61=400+66=100-61=466=392.练习题:2356-(1356-721)1235-(1780-1665)214-(86+14)825-657+57787-(87-29)365-(65+118)455-(155+230)576-285+85755-287+87690-177+777755-(2187+755)728- (328-125)(五)拆分分组凑整及乘法结合律:1 .示例:25×32X125=25×4×8×125=(25×4)X(8×125)=100X1000=1000002 .练习题:125×32×825×16×25138×25×425×32×12512×25(13×125) × (3×8)50× (24×4) ×3125×24(六)易错题:1 .示例1:78X102(提示:把102看做100+2,再用乘法分配律。)=78×(100÷2)=78×100÷78×2=7800÷156=795631X98(提示:把98看做100-2,再用乘法分配律)=31×(100-2)=31×100-31X2=3100-62=30382 .练习题1:84×101104×2588×12525×20499×64999×9978×10299×16638×99102×7688×12598×19965×9959×10143×10232×9829×10125×9839×10273×9935×983 .示例2:(40+8)×25(提示:括号外的数分别乘括号里面的两个数,再把积相加=40×25÷8X25=1000+200=120035×62÷35×38(提示:提取相同因数,再乘以剩余数的和或差)=35×(62+38)=35X100=350079×163-63X79=79×(163-63)=79X100=79004 .练习2:31X870+13X31025×65+25X35125× (80+8)75×27÷27×2578×4+78×3+78×3(300+6)×1225X(4+8)(125+5)×8123×18-123×3+85×12325×(24+16)79×42+79+79×5772×46+54×7275×98+2×7535×127-35×16-11×3532×16+14×32(60+20+40)×5017 × 23-23 × 783×102-83×225× (24+16)79×42+79+79×575 .示例3:83+99X83(提示:把83看做83X1,再用乘法分配律)=83×l+83×99=83X(1+99)=83X100=830083X101-83=83×101-83Xl=83×(101-1)=83×100=83006.练习题3:178×101-178178×99+17884×36+64×8475×99+7599×13+1348×99+4825+199×25178×101-17888×99+8879×101-7959×101-5936×102-7248×102-9624×102-4898×35+7098×24×487 .示例4:888+37×76(提示:37×3=111)=lll×8+37×76=37×3×8+37×76=37×(3×8)+37×76=37×24+37×76=37×(24÷76)=37×100=37008 .练习题4:666+37×82333+37X91777+37×79999+37X73555+85×37444+88×37(七)基准数法:1 .示例:9+99+999=(10-1)+(100-1)+(1000-1)=10+100+1000-3=11072 .练习题:99+999+9999+999999+99+999+9999+49+98+199+1998+68+99+198÷19991+2+3+4+96+97+98+99+1002+4+6+94+96+98+100l÷3+5+7÷+93+95+97+99100-99+98-97+96-95+8-7+6-5+4-3+2-1(2÷4+6+94+96+98+100)-(1+3+5+7+93+95+97+99)