讽刺艺术外文翻译.docx

Satire1. DefinitionofsatireFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaNottobeconfusedwithsatyr.“Satires“redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeSatires(disambiguation).Satireisatextorperformancethatusesirony,derision,orwittoexposeorattackhumanvice,foolishness,orstupidity.Verb:satirize.Adjective:satiricorsatirical.Apersonwhoemployssatireisasatirist.Usingmetaphors,novelistPeterDeVriesexplainedthedifferencebetweensatireandhumor:"Thesatiristshootstokillwhilethehumoristbringshispreybackalive-oftentoreleasehimagainforanotherchance,OneofthebestknownsatiricalworksinEnglishisJonathanSwift,sGulliver*sTravels(1726).ContemporaryvehiclesforsatireintheU.S.includeTheDailyShow,SouthPark,TheOnion,andFullFrontalwithSamanthaBee.Satireisagenreofliterature,andsometimesgraphicandperformingarts,inwhichvices,follies,abuses,andshortcomingsarehelduptoridicule,ideallywiththeintentofshamingindividuals,corporations,governmentorsocietyitself,intoimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobehumorous,itsgreaterpurposeisoftenconstructivesocialcriticism,usingwittodrawattentiontobothparticularandwiderissuesinsociety.Afeatureofsatireisstrongironyorsarcasm-insatire,ironyismilitant*butparody,burlesque,exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,analogy,anddoubleentendreareallfrequentlyusedinsatiricalspeechandwriting.This“militant"ironyorsarcasmoftenprofessestoapproveof(oratleastacceptasnatural)theverythingsthesatiristwishestoattack.Satireisnowadaysfoundinmanyartisticformsofexpression,includingliterature,plays,commentary,televisionshows,andmediasuchaslyrics.2. EtymologyandrootsThewordsatirecomesfromtheLatinwordsaturandthesubsequentphraseLanxsatura.Saturmeant"full"butthejuxtapositionwithLanxshiftedthemeaningto*miseelIanyormedley”:theexpressionLanxsaturaliterallymeans“afulldishofvariouskindsoffruits.”ThewordsaturaasusedbyQuintilian,however,wasusedtodenoteonlyRomanversesatire,astrictgenrethatimposedhexameterform,anarrowergenrethanwhatwouldbelaterintendedassatire.Quintilianfamouslysaidthatsatura,thatisasatireinhexameterverses,wasaliterarygenreofwhollyRomanorigin(saturatotanostraest).HewasawareofandcommentedonGreeksatire,butatthetimedidnotlabelitassuch,althoughtodaytheoriginofsatireisconsideredtobeAristophancs,OldComedy.ThefirstcritictousesatireinthemodernbroadersensewasApuleius.ToQuintilian,thesatirewasastrictliteraryform,butthetermsoonescapedfromtheoriginalnarrowdefinition.RobertElliottwrites:Assoonasanounentersthedomainofmetaphor,asonemodernscholarhaspointedout,itclamoursforextension;andsatura(whichhadhadnoverbal,adverbial,oradjectivalforms)wasimmediatelybroadenedbyappropriationfromtheGreekwordfor“satyr”(satyros)anditsderivatives.TheoddresultisthattheEnglish“satire“comesfromtheLatinsatura;but"satirize”,“satiric”,etc.,areofGreekorigin.Byaboutthe4thcenturyADthewriterofsatirescametobeknownassatyricus;St.Jerome,forexample,wascalledbyoneofhisenemies,asatiristinprose,(,satyricusscriptorinprosa,).SubsequentorthographicmodificationsobscuredtheLatinoriginofthewordsatire:saturabecomessatyra,andinEngland,bythe16thcentury,itwaswritten'satyre.,Thewordsatirederivesfromsatura,anditsoriginwasnotinfluencedbytheGreekmythologicalfigureofthesatyr.Inthe17thcentury,philologistIsaacCasaubonwasthefirsttodisputetheetymologyofsatirefromsatyr,contrarytothebeliefuptothattime.Satireandhumor1.aughterisnotanessentialcomponentofsatire;8infacttherearetypesofsatirethatarenotmeanttobe"funny“atall.Conversely,notallhumor,evenonsuchtopicsaspolitics,religionorartisnecessarily"satirical”,evenwhenitusesthesatiricaltoolsofirony,parody,andburlesque.Evenlight-heartedsatirehasaserious"after-taste”:theorganizersoftheIgNobclPrizedescribethisas“firstmakepeoplelaugh,andthenmakethemthink”.3. SocialandpsychologicalfunctionsSatireandironyinsomecaseshavebeenregardedasthemosteffectivesourcetounderstandasociety,theoldestformofsocialstudy.Theyprovidethekeenestinsightsintoagroup,scollectivepsyche,revealingitsdeepestvaluesandtastes,andthesociety*sstructuresofpower.Someauthorshaveregardedsatireassuperiortonon-comicandnon-artisticdisciplineslikehistoryoranthropology.InaprominentexamplefromancientGreece,philosopherPlato,whenaskedbyafriendforabooktounderstandAtheniansociety,referredhimtotheplaysofAristophanes.Historically,satirehassatisfiedthepopularneedtodebunkandridiculetheleadingfiguresinpolitics,economy,religionandotherprominentrealmsofpower.Satireconfrontspublicdiscourseandthecollectiveimaginary,playingasapublicopinioncounterweighttopower(beitpolitical,economic,religious, symbolic, or otherwise), instance, it forces administrations policies. Satire* s job is to expose obligated to solve them. Karl KrausbychaiIengingleadersandauthorities.Fortoclarify,amendorestablishtheirproblemsandcontradictions,andit,snotsetinthehistoryofsatireaprominentexampleofasatiristroleasconfrontingpublicdiscourse.Foritsnatureandsocialrole,satirehasenjoyedinmanysocietiesaspecialfreedomlicensetomockprominentindividualsandinstitutions.Thesatiricimpulseanditsritualizedexpressions,carryoutthefunctionofres